can also be, network import
Data Pump API
PL/SQL package
DBMS_METADATA
from external files, into tables
SQL*Loader
redo log files
You can determine which tables get the most updates and inserts. That information provides a historical perspective on disk access statistics, which can be used for tuning purposes.
The redo log files contain all the information necessary to track any DML and DDL statements run on the database, the order in which they were run, and who executed them
physical data structure integrity check
data files
control files or redo log
DBID
DBNAME