
1. The Direct Method
1.1. this method is used in teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language.
1.1.1. Principles and Procedures:
1.1.1.1. - Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language.
1.1.1.2. - Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.
1.1.1.3. - Oral communication skills are formed in a carefully graduated progression, organized around exchanges of questions and answers between teachers and students in small and intensive classes.
1.1.1.4. - Grammar was taught inductively.
1.1.1.5. - New teaching points were introduced orally.
1.1.1.5.1. Techniques
1.1.1.6. - Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.
1.1.1.7. - Both speech and listening comprehension were taught.
1.1.1.8. - Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.
2. Grammar-Translation Method
2.1. "to know everything about something rather than the thing itself"
2.1.1. characteristics
2.1.1.1. - Grammar Translation is a way of studying a language that approaches the language first through detailed analysis of its grammar rules.
2.1.1.2. - Reading and writing are the major focus.
2.1.1.2.1. Techniques
2.1.1.3. - Grammar rules are presented and illustrated, as well as a list of vocabulary elements with their translation equivalents and translation exercises are prescribed.
3. Audio-lingual Method
3.1. A technique of foreign-language instruction that emphasizes audio-lingual skills over reading and writing and is characterized by extensive use of pattern practice.
3.1.1. characteristics
3.1.1.1. - Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.
3.1.1.2. - Grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than deductive explanation.
3.1.1.3. - Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.
3.1.1.4. - There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.
3.1.1.4.1. Techniques
3.1.1.5. - Great importance is attached to pronunciation.
3.1.1.6. - Very little use of the mother tongue by teachers is permitted.
3.1.1.7. - There is a tendency to manipulate language and disregard content.