Chapter 1-Introduction to OS

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Chapter 1-Introduction to OS by Mind Map: Chapter 1-Introduction to OS

1. Operating system objectives and functions

1.1. Goals of an OS:

1.1.1. Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier

1.1.2. Make the computer system convenient to use

1.1.3. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

1.2. Computer System Structure

1.2.1. Hardware

1.2.2. Operating system

1.2.3. Application programs

1.2.4. Users

2. Computing Environments

2.1. Traditional

2.1.1. Stand-alone general-purpose machines

2.1.2. Portals provide web access to internal systems

2.1.3. Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals

2.1.4. Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks

2.1.5. firewalls

2.2. Mobile

2.2.1. Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc.

2.2.2. Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android

2.3. Client Server

2.3.1. Client-Server Computing

2.3.1.1. Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs

2.3.1.2. Compute-server system

2.3.1.3. File-server system

2.4. Pear-to-Pear

2.4.1. Another model of distributed system

2.4.2. P2P does not distinguish clients and servers

2.5. Cloud computing

2.5.1. Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network

2.5.2. Many types

2.5.2.1. Public cloud

2.5.2.2. Private cloud

2.5.2.3. Hybrid cloud

2.5.2.4. Software as a Service (SaaS)

2.5.2.5. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

2.5.2.6. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2.6. Real-time Embedded

2.6.1. real-time OS

3. Security and Protection

3.1. Protection

3.1.1. any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to resources defined by the OS

3.2. Security

3.2.1. defense of the system against internal and external attacks

4. Resource Management

4.1. Hard real-time task

4.1.1. mandatory

4.2. Soft real-time task

4.2.1. not mandatory

4.3. Characteristics

4.3.1. Determinism

4.3.2. Responsiveness

4.3.3. User control

4.3.4. Fail-soft operation

4.3.5. Reliability

5. Computer-System Organization

5.1. Computer-system operation

5.1.1. I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

5.1.2. Each device controller has a local buffer

5.1.3. Each device controller type has an operating system device driver to manage it

5.1.4. interrupt

5.2. Common Functions of Interrupts

5.2.1. Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector

5.2.2. A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt

5.2.3. An operating system is interrupt driven

5.2.4. Interrupt Handling

5.2.4.1. The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing the registers and the program counter

5.2.4.2. Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:

5.2.4.3. Separate segments of code

6. Computer-System Architecture

6.1. Most systems use a single general-purpose processor

6.2. Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

6.2.1. a.k.a parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems

6.2.2. Two types

6.2.2.1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing

6.2.2.2. Symmetric Multiprocessing

6.2.3. Advantages include:

6.2.3.1. Increased throughput

6.2.3.2. Economy of scale

6.2.3.3. Increased reliability

7. Operating-System Operations

7.1. No universally accepted definition

7.2. “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part of the operating system

7.3. middleware – a set of software frameworks that provide addition services to application developers

8. Free/Libre and Open-Source Operating Systems

8.1. closed-source and proprietary

8.2. copy protection and Digital Rights Management (DRM)

8.3. Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has “copyleft” GNU Public License (GPL)