Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
by Shada Musa
1. Diagnostics
1.1. CXR
1.1.1. Shows Hyperinflation
1.2. ECG
1.2.1. Atrial Arrthythmias
1.2.2. V. Hypertrophy
1.3. Arterial blood gas analysis
1.3.1. Increased PCO2
1.3.2. Decreased PO2
1.4. Sputum Analysis
1.5. Pulmonary Function Studies
1.5.1. Decreased Vital Capacity
1.5.2. Forced Expiration Flow
2. Incidence/Prevalence
2.1. 5th leading cause of death for men, 4th leading cause of death for women
2.2. Men have a prevalence of 11.8%, and women have a prevalence of 8.5%
2.3. More than 120,000 Americans die each year due to COPD
2.4. The 5th leading cause of death in the U.S.
3. Treatments
3.1. Cough & Deep breathing exercises
3.2. Bronchodilators
3.2.1. Albuterol
3.3. Diuretics if edema is present
3.4. Oxygen Therapy
3.5. Corticosteroids
3.5.1. Prednisone
3.6. Antibiotics
3.7. Adequate Hydration
3.8. STOP SMOKING
4. Clinical Manifestations
4.1. Dyspnea
4.2. Tachypnea
4.3. Rhonchi
4.4. Use of accessory muscles for breathing
4.5. Weight Gain
4.6. Cyanosis/Hypoxia
4.7. Wheezing
4.8. Productive Cough
4.9. White, Gray, and yellow sputum
4.10. Chest Pressure
4.11. Frequent Respiratory Infections
4.12. Inability to exercise
5. Risk Factors
5.1. Alpha `1 antitrypsan deficiency
5.2. Pollution
5.3. Chronic Infection
5.4. Allergies
5.5. Genetic predispostion
5.6. Smoking
5.6.1. Second hand smoke