Chemistry-C1

1. State symbols

1.1. S= solid

1.2. L= liquid

1.3. aq= aqueous

1.4. G=gas

1.5. [Tip- remember it as SLAG]

2. Separation Techniques

2.1. insoluble solid and liquid= filtration

2.2. soluble substance and a liquid= evaporation

2.3. two liquids= distillation ( separation by boiling points

2.4. two soluble substances= chromatography

3. Separation Techniques

3.1. separating substances from a variety of mixtures

3.2. separation is a physical process not a chemical reaction

4. Nuclear model

4.1. - small positive nucleus

4.2. - electrons around the outside

5. Bohr

5.1. electrons are found on different energy levels ( now called electron shells)

6. Isotopes

6.1. isotopes are the same element but with different masses

6.2. isotopes have different masses because they have different numbers of nuetrons

7. Patterns of ion formations

7.1. group 1= I electron lost

7.2. group 2= 2 electrons lost

7.3. group 3=3 electrons lost

7.4. group 4=doesn't bond

7.5. group 5= 3 electrons gained

7.6. group 6=2 electrons gained

7.7. group 7=I electron gained

7.8. group 8=doesn't react because it has a full shell

7.9. every ion has a full outer shell and is stabel

8. Dobereiner

8.1. created triads of elements with similar properties

8.2. he created groups

9. Mendeleev

9.1. Arranged by atomic mass in groups of similar properties

9.2. He left gaps for elements not yet discovered

9.3. he predicted their properties and was proven right

9.4. he switched properties around so they were in the same groups as those with similar properties

9.5. these inconsistences occur because elements have different isotopes with different numbers of neutrons

10. Vocab

10.1. elements- are chemically pure, only one type of atom is present

10.2. compounds- are 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded

10.3. mixtures- are any combination of elements or compounds in the same volume

10.4. molecules- are 2 or more atoms which are chemically joined

11. Conservation of mass

11.1. in all chemical reactions the starting mass must equal the final mass

11.2. no atoms can be created or destroyed

11.3. if a gas is lost, the mass will appear to decrease

12. Plum pudding model

12.1. even positive charge

12.2. negative charges imbedded

12.3. no empty space

12.4. no overall charge

13. Rutherfords gold foil experimen

13.1. - almost all positives articles pass

13.2. - some positive particles are deflected by the positive nucleus

13.3. - the positive part of the atom must be tiny

14. Chadwick

14.1. discovered neutrons

14.2. mass number - atomic number = number of neutons

14.3. atom radius = 0.1nm (1x10^-10m)

14.4. nucleus radius = 1/10000 of the atom (1x10^-4)

15. Ionic bonding

15.1. an "ion" is a charged atom ( + or -)

15.2. definition of a metal- an element that forms a positive ion

15.3. non metal- an element that forms a negative ion

16. Combining powers

16.1. all compounds have no overall charge

17. Newlands

17.1. noticed that similar properties occur periodically

17.2. the idea of periods