1. Inca
1.1. Religion
1.1.1. The sun god created them
1.1.2. Inti is the sun god
1.1.3. Animals were sacrificed daily
1.1.4. Prayed in huacas
1.2. Military
1.2.1. Based on the decimal units
1.2.2. Mostly hand to hand combat
1.2.3. Soldiers were between the ages 25-50
1.2.4. Cut off supplies to their enemies
1.3. Agriculture
1.3.1. Used terraces on mountain slopes
1.3.2. Split their agriculture into four quarters of their empire
1.3.3. Farmed 60 varieties of potatoes
1.3.4. Harvested tropical fruits in the Antisuyu quarter
1.4. Art and Education
1.4.1. Devoted a lot of time into weaving
1.4.2. Excellent sculpters
1.4.3. Made wood carvings
1.4.4. Resettled craftsmen to Chan so they could directly serve the rulers
1.5. Social Structure
1.5.1. Supreme leader was called Sapa Inca
1.5.2. Born into your social class
1.5.3. People in the upper classes did not work on the farms
1.5.4. People that were Inca by honor not by bloodline were the 2nd highest class
1.6. Economics and Trade
1.6.1. Used textiles and art work as currency
1.6.2. The Ayllu was the foundation of the economic system in the Incan empire
1.6.3. Taxes were in the form of labor
1.6.4. Hona Karaka was the person in charge of collecting the taxes
1.7. Technology
1.7.1. Built terraces for farming
1.7.2. Made weapons for fighting
1.7.3. Built 12,000 miles of road
1.7.4. Used aqueducts to bring them fresh water
2. Songhai
2.1. Religion
2.1.1. Islam is the main religion of the Songhai Empire
2.1.2. Islam was introduced to the Songhai Empire in 1019
2.1.3. Before the introduction of Islam, Songhai people followed African religions of witchdoctors, spirits, and magic
2.1.4. Some religions such as magic is still practiced by the Songhai people today
2.2. Government
2.2.1. The songhai people were a monoarchy
2.2.2. They were ruled by a queen and a king
2.2.3. The lower class people had freedom to practice what they believed
2.2.4. Sunni Ali was the first official ruler of the Songhai empire, he divided the empire into provinces
2.3. Arts and education
2.3.1. The songhai people were pretty advanced, when the children went to school they learned how to paint, dance, draw and write poetry
2.3.2. The art the children made were usually mats and blankets and were usually sold to tourists from shops
2.3.3. The mats were usually geometric shaped, and the blankets were usually cotton
2.3.4. Pottery was often left to the women while mask making was often left to the men
2.4. Geography and farming
2.4.1. The Songhai Empire was located in south Africa
2.4.2. The Songhai people were very good fisherman because of the Niger river located nearby
2.4.3. The area included all of the southeastern Sengal, most of southern Mali
2.4.4. Farming was very important to the Songhai people they farmed things such as rice and millet
2.5. Social Structure
2.5.1. The society of the Songhai was organized like a caste system that wasn't rigid
2.5.2. They used Islam to give the lower classes opportunities to navigate the rungs of society
2.5.3. The lower class people had the freedom to practice what they believed
2.5.4. The Songhai Empire consisted of thousands of tribes
2.6. Economy and Trade
2.6.1. The Songhai people did not have a money/currency so they just bartered with what they had to get what they needed
2.6.2. The Songhai people mainly traded with North Africa, Europe, and the Arabian Peninsula
2.6.3. The most valuable/trade able item the Songhai people had was gold because not many people had it
2.6.4. The Songhai people also traded items such as gold, kola nuts, and slaves
2.7. Technology
2.7.1. The Songhai people were very technologically advanced, they had canoes because they lived close to the Niger River which made things very easy to transport things
2.7.2. The Songhai Empire had protective armor and iron weapons
2.7.3. They included cavalry in their army
2.7.4. They used bone harpoons, fishing hooks, and nets with weights for fishing
3. Spanish
3.1. Religion
3.1.1. Justification to kick out Jews, Muslims or any non believers by the Orthodox.
3.1.1.1. Science and Technology
3.1.1.1.1. Gunpowder
3.1.2. Converted Native Americans to Catholicism.
3.1.2.1. Science and Technology
3.1.3. Main religion was Roman Catholic.
3.1.4. Believed there were no other Gods, just they one they believed in.
3.2. Science and Technology
3.2.1. Used gunpowder, steel weapons, explosives and firearms.
3.2.2. Depended on foreign technology
3.2.3. Their technology was better than the natives which made them superior.
3.2.4. Their armor was made from iron and steel which made it difficult for the natives to pierce.
3.3. Strong Government and Military
3.3.1. Believed in a monarchy.
3.3.2. Larger than the Roman Empire at its peak.
3.3.3. Spain wanted everyone to be like them.
3.3.4. Wanted to create an empire to control everyone.
3.4. Economy and Trade
3.4.1. Economy was based on exploitation
3.4.2. Began to import slaves in 1502
3.4.3. Spain is a member of the common market and has its heaviest trading relationship there.
3.4.4. Spains major export is leather and textile goods.
3.5. Social Structure and Family Life
3.5.1. 3 social classes, upper, middle and lower
3.5.2. Work in the morning, send kids to school
3.5.3. Women stayed home and cooked, children helped around the farm and men went to work.
3.5.4. Dinner is the most important meal. It is usually eaten around 3 o'clock.
3.6. Arts and Education
3.6.1. Valued education very much
3.6.2. Spanish art and artists are influenced by a lot of different countries.
3.6.3. School was mainly for the rich kids.
3.6.4. People went to school to show off their social status in the economy and how wealthy they are.
3.7. Geography and Agriculture
3.7.1. Behind France, Spain had the second largest portion of land devoted to agriculture.
3.7.2. 5 million hectares of land were devoted just to permanent crops
3.7.3. Large, flat plateaus surrounded by rugged hills.
3.7.4. Hot clear summers, cold winters.
4. Persian
4.1. Religion
4.1.1. Based off of Egyptian gods
4.1.2. Belonged to Zoroastrianism religion
4.1.3. Zoroastrianism is named after Persian prophet Zoroaster
4.1.4. Converted to Islam after Persia was taken over by Arabic ruling
4.2. Social Structure
4.2.1. Cyrus allowed his citizens to speak their own languages and practice own religions
4.2.2. Based off of communication and transportation
4.2.3. Had a structure similar to Indians
4.2.4. Once you're born into social class, it's difficult to reach higher
4.3. Technology
4.3.1. Had a 1,667 mile road that connected Persia to Anatolia
4.3.2. Created weapons and tools out of bronze and iron
4.3.3. Created Qanats, to transport water to remote, dry areas
4.3.4. They created the original battery
4.4. Economics and Trade
4.4.1. Encouraged trade by creating roads
4.4.2. Kept citizens happy by having low tax rates
4.4.3. Launched boating expeditions in order to obtain more natural resources to trade
4.4.4. Expensive jewels and gems were brought to Persia via the Silk Road
4.5. Geography and Farming
4.5.1. Developed irrigation system to deal with arid climate
4.5.2. Farming was Persia's economic foundation
4.5.3. Farmers raised cattle, goats and sheep
4.5.4. Predominantly grew wheat, barley, onions and mustard seeds
4.6. Art and Education
4.6.1. Made lots of art pieces out of bronze
4.6.2. One of the richest art heritages in the world
4.6.3. Made objects from gold, ivory and silver from Ziwiye
4.6.4. Includes architecture, sculpting and goldsmithing
4.7. Government and Military
4.7.1. Their military strategies were modeled by the Assyrian empire
4.7.2. Organized into regiments of 10,000 soldiers
4.7.3. The empire was divided into 20 provinces
4.7.4. Each province was ruled by a governor, called a Strap