1. Performance of Healthcare Systems
1.1. Health Informatics
1.1.1. One Patient, One Health Record
1.1.2. Personal Health Record (PHR)
1.2. Health Workforce
1.2.1. Current Issue: Manpower Crunch
1.2.1.1. Medical Staff
1.2.1.2. Nursing & Allied Health Staff
1.2.1.3. MOH Strategy
1.2.1.3.1. Salary Increase
1.2.1.3.2. Medical Schools
1.2.1.3.3. Buy services from Private Hospitals
1.3. Health System Governance
1.3.1. Ministry of Health (MOH)
1.3.1.1. Health Sciences Authority (HSA)
1.3.1.2. Healthcare Institutions
1.4. Healthcare Financing
1.4.1. Revenue Collection
1.4.1.1. Social Health Insurance
1.4.1.2. Government Taxation
1.4.1.3. Private Insurance
1.4.1.4. Out-of-Pocket Payment
1.4.1.5. Medical Saving Account
1.4.2. Health Service Purchasing
1.4.2.1. Mechanisms
1.4.2.1.1. Fee for Service
1.4.2.1.2. Global Budget
1.4.2.1.3. Line item Budgets
1.4.2.1.4. Capitation
1.4.2.1.5. Diagnostic related Payment
1.4.3. Finance Mix of Singapore Health System
1.4.3.1. Multi - Pillared System
1.4.3.1.1. Government Subsidies
1.4.3.1.2. Medisave
1.4.3.1.3. Medishield Life
1.4.3.1.4. Medifund
1.4.3.1.5. Eldershield
1.4.3.1.6. Out - of - pocket
1.4.4. Managed Care
1.4.4.1. Corporate Fee - for Service System
1.4.4.2. Fee Caps System
1.4.4.3. Agent System
1.4.4.4. Health Maintenance Organisation (HMO) System
2. Demographic Profile & Disease Trend
2.1. Global Burden of Disease
2.1.1. Communicable Disease
2.1.2. Non - Communicable Disease
2.2. Disability-Adjusted-Life-Year (DALY)
2.2.1. Calculation: DALY = YLL + YLD
2.2.1.1. YLL: Years of Life Lost
2.2.1.2. YLD: Years Lost due to Disability
2.3. Globalization & Urbanization
2.3.1. Globalization
2.3.1.1. Increase spread of communicable diseases
2.3.1.2. Higher risk of non - communicable diseases
2.3.2. Urbanization
2.3.2.1. Can promote or hinder spread of diseases
2.4. Care Integration
2.4.1. Types
2.4.1.1. Organisational Integration
2.4.1.2. Functional Integration
2.4.1.3. Service Integration
2.4.1.4. Clinical Integration
2.4.1.5. Normative Integration
2.4.1.6. Systemic Integration
2.4.2. Levels
2.4.2.1. Macro (Systems)
2.4.2.2. Meso
2.4.2.2.1. Integrated Care Pathway (ICP)
2.4.2.3. Micro
3. Key Components of a Well - Functioning Healthcare System
3.1. Common Outcome Indicators
3.1.1. Mortality Rate
3.1.2. Morbidity Rate
3.1.3. Life Expectancy (LE)
3.1.4. Health Life Expectancy (HALE)
3.2. Health System Performance
3.2.1. Performance Indicators
3.2.1.1. Health
3.2.1.2. Responsiveness
3.2.1.3. Fair Financial Contribution
3.2.2. Efficiency
3.2.2.1. Achievement relative to resources
3.3. Performance Management by KPI
3.3.1. National Level
3.3.2. Strategic Level
3.3.3. Operational Level
3.4. Joint Commission International (JCI)
3.4.1. Functions
3.4.1.1. Accredited by JCI
3.4.2. Standards
3.4.2.1. Broad
3.4.2.2. Narrow
3.5. Silver Industry Standards Committee
3.5.1. Standards
3.5.1.1. Guidelines on Nutrition & Food Services for Older Adults
3.5.1.2. Standard Day Care, Eldercare & Day Rehabilitation Centres
3.5.1.3. Guide for Age - Friendly homes
3.6. Research & Development (R&D
3.6.1. Type of Innovations
3.6.1.1. Product Innovation
3.6.1.2. Process Innovation
3.6.1.3. Marketing Innovation
3.6.1.4. Organisational Innovation
4. Integrated Care & Level of Healthcare Services
4.1. 4 Levels of Care
4.1.1. Primary Care
4.1.1.1. GP Clinics, Polyclinis
4.1.1.2. Development
4.1.1.2.1. Community Health Centre (CHC)
4.1.1.2.2. GP Partnership
4.1.1.2.3. Family Medicine Clinics
4.1.2. Secondary Care
4.1.2.1. Hospital (A&E Department
4.1.3. Tertiary Care
4.1.3.1. Hospital - Specialized Care
4.1.4. Community Care
4.1.4.1. Nursing Homes
4.1.4.2. Community Hospitals
4.1.4.3. Dimensions of Services
4.1.4.3.1. Home Based
4.1.4.3.2. Centre Based
4.1.4.3.3. Residential Based
4.2. Three - Cluster System
4.2.1. Central Region
4.2.1.1. National Healthcare Group (NHG)
4.2.2. Eastern Region
4.2.2.1. Singapore Health Services (SingHealth)
4.2.3. Western Region
4.2.3.1. National University Health System (NUHS)