1. Reproductive
1.1. Normal Changes
1.1.1. .
1.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
1.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis (men)
1.1.1.1.2. Nursing Diagnosis (women)
1.1.1.2. M-erectile dysfunction
1.1.1.3. M- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
1.1.1.4. M- cancer of the prostate
1.1.1.5. M- tumors of the penis, testes, & scrotum
1.1.1.6. F- infections & tumors of the vulva
1.1.1.7. F- vaginitis
1.1.1.8. F- cancer of the vagina
1.1.1.9. F- problems of the cervix (including cancer)
1.1.1.10. F- cancer of endometrium, overuse
1.1.1.11. F- perineal herniation
1.2. M-fluid retaining capacity of seminal vesicles reduces
1.3. M- possible reduction in sperm count
1.4. M- venous and arterial sclerosis of penis
1.5. M- prostate enlargement
1.6. F- Fallopian tubes atrophy and shorten
1.7. F- ovaries become thicker & smaller
1.8. F- cervix becomes smaller
1.9. F- drier less elastic vaginal canal
1.10. F- flattening labia
1.11. F- endocervical epithelium atrophied
1.12. F- uterus becomes smaller
1.13. F- endometrium atrophies
1.14. F- more alkaline vaginal environment
1.15. F- loss of vulvar subcutaneous fat and hair
2. Musculoskeletal
2.1. Normal Changes
2.1.1. .
2.1.1.1. Pathological Changes
2.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis
2.1.1.2. Fractures
2.1.1.3. Osteoporosis
2.1.1.4. Osteoarthritis
2.1.1.5. Rheumatoid arthritis
2.1.1.6. Gout
2.1.1.7. Podiatric conditions
2.1.1.8. New Topic
2.2. Shortening of vertebrae
2.3. Height decreases by 2 in. Between 20-70
2.4. Brittle bones
2.5. Slight knee flex ion
2.6. Slight kyphosis
2.7. Slight hip flexion
2.8. Slight wrist flexion
2.9. Impaired flexion & extension movements
3. Nervous
3.1. Normal Changes
3.1.1. .
3.1.1.1. Pathological Changes
3.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis
3.1.1.2. Parkinson’s disease
3.1.1.3. Transient ischemic attack
3.1.1.4. Stroke
3.2. Decreased conduction velocity
3.3. Slower response & reaction time
3.4. Decreased brain weight
3.5. Reduced blood flow to brain
3.6. Changes in sleep pattern
4. Sensory
4.1. Normal Changes
4.1.1. .
4.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
4.1.1.1.1. Nursing diagnoses
4.1.1.2. Touch: dyskinesia, bradykinesia, circulatory problems
4.1.1.3. Smell: anosmia, hyposmia, nervous system changes affect smell, nasal polyps, exposure to chemo and radiation.
4.1.1.4. Sight:cataracts and glaucoma, macular degeneration, detached retina, corneal ulceration
4.1.1.5. Hearing: hearing loss
4.1.1.6. Taste: xerostomia, cancer of the mouth
4.2. Touch: reduction of tactile sensation
4.3. Taste: taste impairment
4.4. Smell: impaired ability to identify and discriminate among odors
4.5. Sight: more opaque lens, decrease pupil size, more spherical cornea
4.6. Hearing: atrophy of hair cells, tympanic membrane sclerosis & atrophy, increase cerumen and concentration of keratin
5. Integumentary
5.1. Normal Changes
5.1.1. .
5.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
5.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis
5.1.1.2. Pruritus
5.1.1.3. Keratosis seborrheic
5.1.1.4. Skin cancer
5.1.1.5. Vascular lesions
5.1.1.6. Pressure injury
5.2. Flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction
5.3. Degeneration of elastin fibers
5.4. Subcutaneous fat loss
5.5. Reduction of melanocytes
5.6. Skin infections and malignant neoplasms
5.7. Scalp, pubic, and axillary hair thins and grays
5.8. Fragile fingernails and decreased growth
5.9. Females may grow facial hair
5.10. Males increase growth in ear, eyebrow, and nostril hair
5.11. Reduction in perspiration
6. Immune
6.1. Normal Changes
6.1.1. .
6.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
6.1.1.1.1. Risk for infection related to immunosuppression.
6.1.1.1.2. Risk for impaired mobility related to Guillan Barre syndrome
6.1.1.2. Cancer- lymphoma
6.1.1.3. Crohn’s disease
6.1.1.4. Diabetes type 1
6.1.1.5. Lupus
6.1.1.6. Leukemia
6.1.1.7. IBD
6.1.1.8. Rheumatoid arthritis
6.1.1.9. MS
6.1.1.10. Guillain- Barre
6.2. Depressed immune system
6.3. Increase risk infection
6.4. T cell decreases
6.5. Inflammatory defenses decline
6.6. Improper nutrition r/t negative changes
7. Thermal regulation
7.1. Normal Changes
7.1.1. .
7.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
7.2. Lower body temperatures, 96.9-98.3 F.
7.3. Insufficient vasoconstriction & reduced peripheral circulation
7.4. Decreased CO
7.5. Diminished shivering
7.6. Reduced muscle mass and subcutaneous tissue
7.7. Impaired sweating
8. Physical Appearance
8.1. Normal Changes
8.1.1. .
8.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
8.1.1.2. Malignant neoplasms of the skin leading to altered
8.2. Elongated ears
8.3. Argus senilis
8.4. Less muscle mass and skin fold thickness
8.5. Decreased height
8.6. Thicker hair in ears & nose
8.7. Darkening & wrinkling of skin around eyes
8.8. Deepening hollows of axillae
8.9. Narrow gait women wider gait men
8.10. Ectropion of eyelids
8.11. Graying & thinning hair
9. Respiratory
9.1. Normal Changes
9.1.1. .
9.1.1.1. Pathological Changes
9.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnoses
9.1.1.2. COPD
9.1.1.2.1. Asthma
9.1.1.2.2. Emphysema
9.1.1.2.3. Chronic bronchitis
9.1.1.3. Pnemonia
9.1.1.4. Influenza
9.1.1.5. Lung cancer
9.2. PO2 reduced as much as 15% between 20-80 yrs old
9.3. Loss of elasticity and increased rigidity
9.4. Decreased ciliary action
9.5. Exploratory volume reduced
9.6. Blunting cough and reflexes
9.7. 90 years old= 50% increase in residual capacity
9.8. Fewer and larger alveoli
9.9. Rigid thoracic muscles, reduced basilar inflation
10. Cardiovascular
10.1. Normal Changes
10.1.1. .
10.1.1.1. Pathological Changes
10.1.1.1.1. Nursing diagnoses:
10.1.1.2. HTN
10.1.1.3. CHF
10.1.1.4. Hypotension
10.1.1.5. Pulmonary embolism
10.1.1.6. CAD
10.1.1.7. MI/ angina
10.1.1.8. Hyperlipedemia
10.1.1.9. Arrhythmia
10.1.1.9.1. A fib
10.1.1.10. PVD
10.1.1.11. Arteriosclerosis
10.1.1.12. Aneurysm
10.1.1.13. Varicose veins
10.1.1.14. Venous thromboembolism
10.2. Prominent arteries in head, neck, and extremities
10.3. Valves become thicker & more rigid
10.4. SV decreases by 1% q year
10.5. Less efficient O2 utilization
10.6. Aorta becomes dilated & elongated
10.7. CO decreases
10.8. BP increases to compensate for increased peripheral resistance and decreased CO
10.9. Less elasticity of vessels
11. Gastrointestinal
11.1. Normal Changes
11.1.1. .
11.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
11.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis
11.1.1.2. Xerostomia
11.1.1.3. Periodontal disease
11.1.1.4. Dysphagia
11.1.1.5. Hiatal hernia
11.1.1.6. Esophageal cancer
11.1.1.7. PUD
11.1.1.8. Cancer of stomach
11.1.1.9. Diverticulitis
11.1.1.10. Colorectal disease/ cancer
11.1.1.11. Chronic constipation/ flatulence
11.1.1.12. Intestinal obstruction
11.1.1.13. Fecal impaction
11.1.1.14. Fecal incontinence
11.1.1.15. Acute appendicitis
11.1.1.16. Cancer of pancreas
11.1.1.17. Biliary tract disease
11.2. Decrease taste
11.3. Dilated esophagus
11.4. Reduced saliva
11.5. Liver smaller in size
11.6. Reduced intestinal blood flow
11.7. Decreased esophageal motility
11.8. Atrophy of gastric mucosa
11.9. Decreased stomach motility, hunger contractions, and emptying time
11.10. Less production of Hcl acid, pepsin, lipase, & pancreatic enzymes
11.11. Fewer cells on absorbing surface, slower peristalsis
12. Urinary
12.1. Normal Changes
12.1.1. .
12.1.1.1. Pathologic Changes
12.1.1.1.1. Nursing Diagnosis
12.1.1.2. UTI
12.1.1.3. Urinary incontinence
12.1.1.4. Bladder cancer
12.1.1.5. Renal calculi
12.1.1.6. Gomerulonephritis
12.2. Decrease renal mass
12.3. Decreased tubular function
12.4. Decreased bladder capacity
12.5. Decrease in nephrons
12.6. Between ages 20 & 90, renal blood flow decreases, GFR decreases
12.7. Weaker bladder muscles
13. Endocrine
13.1. Normal Changes
13.1.1. .
13.1.1.1. Pathological Changes
13.1.1.1.1. Nursing diagnoses
13.1.1.2. Diabetes
13.1.1.3. Hypothyroidism
13.1.1.4. Hyperthyroidism
13.1.1.5. Adrenal insufficiency