1. Newborn Assessments
1.1. The Apgar Scale
1.2. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
1.3. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
2. Birth Process
2.1. Natural
2.2. Cesarean Delivery
3. Hazard to Prenatal Development
3.1. Drugs
3.1.1. Prescription Drugs (antibiotics, analgesics, asthma medications)
3.1.2. Nonprescription Drugs (diet pills&high doses of aspirin)
3.1.3. Psychoactive Drugs
3.1.3.1. Caffeine
3.1.3.2. Alcohol
3.1.3.3. Nicotine
3.1.3.4. Cocaine, Mariijuana, Heroin, Methamphetamine
3.2. Environmental Hazard
3.2.1. Radiation, toxic waste, chemical pollutants
3.3. Maternal Factors
3.3.1. Maternal disease and infections, nutrition, age, emotional state
3.4. Paternal Factors
3.4.1. Age, Environmental hazard could cause sperm abnormalitites, Parental smoking
4. Maternal Health
4.1. Nutrition intake
4.2. Vitamin supplements
4.2.1. Folic acid, B-Complex vitamins, DHA
4.3. Exercise
5. Gene & Chromosome
5.1. Normal
5.2. Abnormalities
5.2.1. Chromosome abnormalities
5.2.1.1. Down syndrome (extra chromosome)
5.2.1.2. Sex-Liinked Chromosomal Abnormalities
5.2.2. Genetic abnormalities
5.2.2.1. Cystic fibrosis, Diabetes, Hemophilia, Phenylketonuria, Huntington's disease, Sickle-cell anemia, Spina bifida, Tay-Sachs disease
6. Prenatal Diagnostic Test
6.1. Ultrasound Sonography
6.1.1. detect many abnormalities
6.2. Brain-Image Technique
6.2.1. diagnose fetal malformation
6.3. Chorionic Villus Sampling
6.3.1. detect genetic&chromosomal abnormalities
6.4. Amniocentesis
6.4.1. detect chromosomal&metabolic disorders
6.5. Maternal Blood Screening
6.5.1. triple screen test (detect spina bifida&Down syndrome)
6.6. Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis
6.6.1. detect genetic abnormalities
6.7. Incompatible Blood Types
6.7.1. to check if there is incompatibility between mother&father's blood