1. Environment
1.1. Climate change: isolation, precipitation and temperature are the fundamental components overseeing climate change
1.1.1. Biomes shift
1.1.2. Ozone depletion
1.1.2.1. Greenhouse Gas Effect
1.1.2.1.1. Carbon Dioxide emissions
1.1.3. Global warming
1.1.4. Succession happens in light of the fact that through the process of living, developing and reproducing, creatures interface with and influence the environment, bit by bit transforming it.
1.2. Industrial Capitalism
1.2.1. Urbanisation
1.2.1.1. Population Growth
1.2.1.1.1. Exceeding carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the greatest number of individuals of a given species that a territory's assets can support without essentially draining or corrupting this territory's existing resources.
1.2.1.2. Pollution
1.2.1.2.1. Air pollution
1.2.1.2.2. Water pollution
1.2.1.2.3. Light pollution
1.2.1.2.4. Soil pollution
1.2.1.2.5. Noise pollution
1.2.1.3. Major Environmental Landmarks
1.2.1.3.1. 1800: Industrial revolution in Europe. The start of the high expansion of contamination, Urbanisation and unsustainable standard resource use.
1.2.1.3.2. 1940: Revolution-intensive technological agriculture. Ascent of fossil utilisation and expanded contamination
1.2.1.3.3. 1960: NGOs gain greater following
1.2.1.3.4. 1975: C.I.T.E.S. formed IUCN
1.2.1.3.5. 1984: Bhopal disaster. A pesticide was released contaminating people and natural resources
1.2.1.3.6. 1986: Chernobyl Disaster. Radioactive power accident occurred in Ukraine
1.2.1.3.7. 1990: Green Awareness strengthened. "Eco-friendly" became trendy
1.2.1.3.8. 2005: Kyoto protocol became a legal requirement. Obligation to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
1.2.1.3.9. 2015: United Nations Established 17 SDGs
1.2.1.3.10. 2016: Paris Agreement. United Nation Agreement about green gas emission, mitigation, adoption and finance.
1.2.1.4. Renewable energy resources use
1.2.1.4.1. Solar energy
1.2.1.4.2. Wind energy
1.2.1.4.3. Geothermal energy
1.2.1.4.4. Biomass energy
1.3. Environmental Value Systems
1.3.1. Technocentric: technology centred
1.3.1.1. Perspective that contends that technological advancements can give answers for ecological issues
1.3.2. Anthropocentric: people centred
1.3.2.1. Believes that people should economically deal with the worldwide framework through taxes, legalisations and ecological guidelines
1.3.3. Ecocentric: nature centred
1.3.3.1. Holistic worldview that puts environment and nature as an inside to mankind
2. Science
2.1. Energy
2.1.1. Harnessing of energy was always a major concern for humanity. Developing new concepts and techniques after basic fire heating and cooking enabled the west to advance fast than other parts of the world in modern times
2.1.1.1. Kinetic Energy
2.1.1.1.1. Steam Engines
2.1.1.1.2. Internal Combustion Engines
2.1.1.2. Electricity
2.1.1.2.1. Fossile Fuels
2.1.1.2.2. Nuclear Energy
2.1.1.2.3. Renewable Energy
2.2. Transportation
2.2.1. Being able to move long distances in short times was always shaped by technology. Starting with the development of the first cross-ocean capable ships the western world was able to explore the world and establish its lead in trade, technology and warfare
2.2.1.1. Naval
2.2.1.1.1. From the great explorers to shipping thousands of containers from east Asia to the US and Europe, the oceans form the backbone of western wealth and prosperity
2.2.1.2. Land
2.2.1.2.1. Promoting individual freedom to move and bringing people closer together, land transport paved the way for economic and social development.
2.2.1.3. Air
2.2.1.3.1. Connecting distant parts of the world, again was a crucial step towards interconnectedness, and made the whole world accessible.
2.2.1.4. Space
2.2.1.4.1. Venturing beyond our planet into space always caught mankind's imagination. Finally making progress in building space stations and landing on the moon, makes this an important story in western identity. New space projects like SpaceX and BlueOrigin drive this story into the future.
2.3. Communication
2.3.1. Development of various form of communications, especially ones that could address many individuals at once or cross large distances quickly was essential to establish modern society with all its complexities. For example coordination of large scale research projects, political movements or religious exchange would not be possible without these scientific developments.
2.3.1.1. Mass Media
2.3.1.1.1. Reaching more and more people at once, with an an ever diminishing effort, enables us to spread ideas faster and wider than ever before. Used for influencing and opinion forming, this can be beneficial or detrimental to the western world.
2.3.1.2. Individual Communication
2.3.1.2.1. Communication was a significant step to human development. Our sophisticated methods of communicating across vast distances at an instant paced up our world and the way we perceive it. Sharing and spreading ideas will become even more simple.
2.4. Electronics
2.4.1. The advent of electronics influenced the development of the western world since the beginning of the 20th century, enabling to sophisticate communications, create computers and fast track general technological development significantly.
2.4.1.1. Computers
2.4.1.1.1. Computers created a sudden exponential increase in mathematical work that could be handled by mankind. This impacted sciences across the board, and can be considered the pivotal technology of the 20th century, together with nuclear power. Revolutionizing communications and our understanding of everything from the universe down to sub atomic levels alike.
2.4.1.1.2. Moores Law
2.4.1.1.3. Quantum Computing
2.4.1.1.4. Artificial Intelligence
2.4.1.2. Networks
2.4.1.2.1. Networks, especially mobile and digital, enable the current state of connection in the world, where the western world is in constant exchange of data, information, opinion and more. Connecting more and more aspects of our lives will be shaping the future of our lives.
2.5. Mechanized Warfare
2.6. Biology
2.6.1. Understanding the basic principles of how life functions down to clones or designer babies, modern biology shapes our lives significantly. Healthcare is a scientific field that also impacts our social environment as well as our political systems. Progress in the field of biology helps us to sustain or destroy life on earth in every imaginable way
2.6.1.1. Evolution
2.6.1.1.1. Genetics
2.6.1.1.2. Charles Darwin
2.6.1.2. Healthcare
2.6.1.2.1. Drugs
2.6.1.2.2. Procedures
2.7. Warfare
2.7.1. Being both a driver as well as being influenced by scientific progress, warfare always shaped societies. Scientific progress resulting superior technology helped western societies to gain a military advantage, that culminated in the Second World War. Military power continues to shape our lives.
2.7.1.1. Firearms
2.7.1.1.1. Automatic Weapons
2.7.1.2. Weapons of Mass Destruction
2.7.1.2.1. Nuclear Weapons
2.7.1.2.2. Chemical Weapons
2.7.1.2.3. Biological Weapons
2.8. Research
2.8.1. Research being the basis of all scientific progress itself is a shaping concept, that changes through time. Major iterations like the development of the scientific method, created the world we currently live in.
2.8.1.1. Ethics
2.8.1.1.1. Boundaries
2.8.1.1.2. Methods
2.8.1.1.3. Acceptance
3. Social Movements
3.1. Health
3.1.1. Veganism
3.1.1.1. Impacts
3.1.1.1.1. NYC Foie Gras Ban. By 2022, there will be no Foie Gras sold in New York anymore. This will be the closing of one of the state's largest industry, served within 1,000 restaurants. Opinions are mixed.
3.1.1.1.2. Vegan options are now available at most fast foods.
3.1.1.1.3. Demand led to the creation of thousands of brands of alternative meat.
3.1.1.2. Fashion
3.1.1.2.1. Fur Ban. Fur farming is already banned in Austria and will soon no longer be of use in the fashion world. Brands such as Macy's, Chanel, Versace have already taken one step further and banned it.
3.1.2. Health Care
3.1.2.1. Innovative health care systems put in place
3.1.2.1.1. Obama Care
3.1.2.1.2. Vaccines
3.2. Religion: The first sense of community. But is it still as prevalent now as it was in previous centuries?
3.2.1. Monotheism
3.2.1.1. Christianity
3.2.1.1.1. It is the world's biggest faith with 2.1 billion followers and is based on Jesus Christ.
3.2.1.2. Islamism
3.2.1.2.1. It is said to have originated in Mecca and Medina at the beginning of the 7th century CE. This is about 600 years after the founding of Christianism.
3.2.2. Polytheism
3.2.2.1. Hinduism
3.2.2.1.1. Hinduism is said to be the oldest religion in the world that is still practiced nowadays. This Indian religion is the third largest. The goal is to attain Salvation and they believe in one god but under various forms.
3.2.2.2. Buddhism
3.2.2.2.1. This practice has over 350 million followers worldwide. Has become a philosophy, some argue it is more than a religion, it is a way of life. Its focus is on personal development and Buddhists believe they will keep being reborn until they reach the Enlightenment stage - which is the goal in Life.
3.2.3. 21st century
3.2.3.1. Science as religion
3.2.3.2. Totalitarian materialism
3.2.3.2.1. The new radical thought that man is an animal without a spiritual nature has a name: totalitarian materialism. Materialism is the doctrine that 'only matter matters'
3.3. Equality
3.3.1. Women's rights
3.3.1.1. Me Too
3.3.1.1.1. Movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault. Burke found it in 2006 to raise awareness of the pervasiveness of sexual assault and abuse in society. The latter became even broader in 2017 due to the use of the #MeToo hashtag after the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations.
3.3.2. Economical
3.3.2.1. France Yellow Vests
3.3.2.1.1. Uprising and demonstrations ongoing for numerous weeks. French motorists originally from rural areas are protesting against the raise in fuel taxes.
3.3.3. Gender
3.3.3.1. HeForShe
3.3.3.1.1. Emma Watson was the initiator in 2014. This campaign fights gender inequality around the world.
3.4. Human Rights
3.4.1. Abortion
3.4.1.1. My body, my choice
3.4.1.1.1. Protest in Alabama against abortion law established by Conservative states stating abortion as a felony unless necessary for the mother’s health, providing nor exception for rape or incest.
3.4.2. Harassment
3.4.2.1. timesupnow
3.4.2.1.1. Social movement against sexual harassment which supports fair and safe work conditions for women around the world. Created in response to the MeToo movement in 2018. .
3.4.3. Discrimination
3.4.3.1. Make America Great Again
3.4.3.1.1. Trump on restricting the entrance of immigrants and refugees to the US violates its obligation to comply to international human rights
3.4.3.2. Police brutality in the US
3.4.3.2.1. Police shooting driven by racism is one of the leading causes of young mortality in the country
3.5. Ecology
3.5.1. Philantropists
3.5.1.1. Leonardo Di Caprio
3.5.1.1.1. Created the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in 1998 to support sustainable initiatives and organisations. His influence and impact among global representatives allowed him to shift the public view on pressing issues.
3.5.1.2. People come together
3.5.1.2.1. Notre Dame Cathedral
3.5.1.2.2. Haiti Relief Effort
3.5.2. Awareness
3.5.2.1. Greenpeace
3.5.2.1.1. Independent environmental organisation focused on defending the Earth from destruction of ecosystems, by investigating and exposing the causes of environmental distress. It accept funds only from individuals, giving the organisation the freedom to confront governments and corporations.
3.5.2.2. Greta Thunberg
3.5.2.2.1. Swedish a 16 years old environmental activist with the objective to raise global awareness of climate change in young people, while demanding actions from governments, corporations and individuals.
4. Politics
4.1. Values
4.1.1. Democracy
4.1.1.1. Seeing democracy as the ultimate state of a nation and the West is aiming towards that.
4.1.1.2. History and origin
4.1.1.2.1. Greece
4.1.1.2.2. President Lincoln
4.1.1.3. Backlash
4.1.1.3.1. Genuine democracy is under covert assault from the low-intensity, digital operations of the dark web
4.1.1.3.2. “Democracy” currently suffers from fake appropriations flying under the banner of populism.
4.1.1.3.3. Examples
4.1.1.4. Spreading values
4.1.1.4.1. Since 2001, more people are living in democracies than in autocracies
4.1.2. Capitalism
4.1.2.1. Work Culture
4.1.2.1.1. Strong competition
4.1.2.1.2. The 'winner takes it all'
4.1.2.1.3. Concept of money and wealth
4.1.2.2. Consumption
4.1.2.2.1. Women's right movement as their place in society changed and got increasingly independent.
4.1.2.2.2. Materialism
4.1.2.2.3. Example USA: major changes in consumption patterns between the beginning of the 19th century and now.
4.1.2.3. Family
4.1.2.3.1. Social bond
4.1.2.3.2. Harari
4.2. Conflict
4.2.1. War
4.2.1.1. Past
4.2.1.1.1. WW1
4.2.1.1.2. WW2
4.2.1.2. Present
4.2.1.2.1. Trade war
4.2.1.2.2. Pax Atomica
4.2.1.2.3. Proxy war