Biological control as Biotechnological intensification.
Semoga bermafaat. 2018680922
1. Biocontrol of Weeds
1.1. weeds are simply plant
1.1.1. that grow as to be undesirable
1.1.2. in particular situations
1.2. for weed control
1.2.1. insect
1.2.2. fungi
1.2.2.1. was developed
1.2.3. bacteria
1.2.4. virus
1.3. several biocontrol agent
1.3.1. need to provide
1.3.2. effective management
1.3.3. of the pest
1.3.4. by attacking
1.3.5. different life stages
1.4. use of companion planting
1.4.1. broadly consider
1.4.2. as biological control
1.4.3. by practiced in variety
1.4.4. that apply different
1.4.5. ecosystemic interactions
1.4.6. by providing ground cover
1.4.7. discourage the growth of weed
1.4.8. by inhibiting the growth
1.4.9. and reproduction
2. Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens
2.1. fungal
2.2. bacterial
2.2.1. other microbes have been developed
2.2.1.1. Trichoderma fungal
2.2.1.1.1. been know to be able to suppress
2.2.1.1.2. soil pathogen
2.2.1.1.3. such as Fusarium spp.
2.2.1.1.4. that cause serious economic
2.2.1.1.5. damage to crop
2.2.1.1.6. through damping-off diseases
2.2.1.1.7. at the early stage.
2.2.1.2. Mycoparasite
2.2.1.2.1. has 80-90% efficacy
2.2.1.2.2. against apple scab fungus
2.2.1.2.3. cost-effective
2.2.1.2.4. as fungicide
2.3. viral
3. Biocontrol of insect, mite, nematode pests.
3.1. wider array of biocontrol agent has been developed
3.1.1. predators that eat the pests
3.1.2. parasitoid that lay eggs and develop within the pest
3.1.3. parasite that debilitate the pests
3.1.4. pathogens that infect and kill the pest hosts.
3.2. called classical biological control
3.2.1. most common form of biological control
3.2.2. by exotic natural enemies
3.2.3. introduced to control exotic pest
4. Reproductive Sterility and Mating Disruption Technologies
4.1. by distrupting the mating and sexual production
4.2. redering one of the sexes reproductively strile
4.2.1. while maitaining the sexual axtivities
4.2.2. distrupting the mating behavior of one/other of the sexes.
4.2.3. introducing secondary organism that prevent sexual union.
5. Biocontrol in Veterinary and Medical Applications
5.1. use of sterile insect techniques (SITs)
5.2. use of microbial biocontrol agents fot medical pest
5.2.1. mosquitoes
5.2.2. black flies
5.3. carriers the important human diseases
5.3.1. malaria
5.3.2. dengue
5.3.3. yellow fever
5.3.4. encephalitis
5.3.5. onchocerciasis
5.4. control programs are based on chemical pesticides.
6. Production, deployment and Establishment of Biocontrol Agents.
6.1. Biotechnological production facilities range from
6.1.1. large-scale insectaries
6.1.2. growth chamber
6.1.3. fermenters
6.1.3.1. to maintain and maximize
6.1.3.2. production of virulent agents
6.1.3.2.1. the agents produce to
6.2. most desire effect by the population of the pest in held
6.3. availability of host
6.4. biological control agents become established in the pest environment
6.4.1. as same manner as chemical agents
6.4.2. that applied as needed
7. Natural Product, Plant extract, Essential oils, Organic acids, Hormones, and Semiochemicals
7.1. can be use to control pest insects, plant pathogenic microbes, and nematodes
7.1.1. derive from insect, terrestrial plant, microbial and synthetic sources.
7.2. natural product know to have repellent, attractant and toxic
7.2.1. with current and potential future role in pest management
7.2.1.1. for commercial extraction
7.2.1.2. synthesis
7.2.1.3. and use
7.3. use of pheromones in mating disruption and pest trapping
7.3.1. for pest management strategies
7.4. insect growth distruptors
7.4.1. occur outsides the metabolic pathway
7.4.2. as secondary compound in some plant
7.4.3. applied to pest insect
7.4.4. to interfere with their growth and development
7.4.5. three major types
7.4.5.1. Juvenile hormones
7.4.5.2. Chitin synthesis inhibitors
7.4.5.3. Ecdysone inhibitors
8. Introduction
8.1. Pest management is important to agriculture and forestry.
8.2. Chemical control
8.2.1. Measure against pest became standard
8.2.2. After the invention and proof of efficiency of chemical pesticide
8.3. Reinstatement of biodiversity and biocomplexity as ecological intensification.
8.4. Biological control
8.4.1. simply use of biological agents
8.4.2. in pest management
8.4.2.1. for the production of food
8.4.2.2. fiber for human consumption
8.4.3. many ecologist argue that
8.4.3.1. biological control always has been
8.4.3.2. nature way of regulating population
8.4.3.3. idea of organism can be pest is an anthropocentric construct
8.4.3.4. whereby the pest is an organism that detract
8.4.4. pest come in many various guises.
8.4.4.1. predator are pest of livestock
8.4.4.2. herbivores are pest of crops
8.4.4.3. parasites and pathogens are pest of
8.4.4.3.1. livestock
8.4.4.3.2. crop
8.4.4.4. competitors may become so numerous as to detract from plant and animal production.
8.4.5. simply living organism
8.4.5.1. that interfere with the productivity of the living organism
8.4.5.2. used by human being for protection of the resources
8.5. Application
8.5.1. biological control agent
8.5.1.1. strategies require consideration
8.5.1.2. ecology which can define
8.5.1.3. as diversity, abundance
8.5.1.4. activities of organism
8.6. from the production of resources that human being want.
8.7. Ecosystem targeted
8.7.1. intensification are managed
8.7.2. to become more complex and biodiverse
8.7.3. rather than simpler as under management strictly
8.7.4. for chemical pest control technology.
9. Organic Agriculture
9.1. is biotechnological system
9.1.1. originated early in the 20th century
9.1.2. to rapidly changing farming practices
9.2. system that strives for
9.2.1. sustainability
9.2.2. soil fertility
9.2.3. biological diversity
9.2.4. productivity
9.2.5. without use of
9.2.5.1. synthetic pesticides
9.2.5.2. antibiotics
9.2.5.3. fertilizers
9.2.5.4. genetically modified organisms
9.2.5.5. growth hormones
9.2.6. relies on fertilizers
9.2.6.1. compost
9.2.6.2. green manure
9.2.6.3. bone meal
9.2.7. emphasizes technique
9.2.7.1. crop rotation
9.2.7.2. companion planting
9.2.7.3. stresses biological pest control
10. Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pest by Pollinator Vectors.
10.1. Technology has been developed for the delivery of biocontrol agent
10.2. By managed pollinators of
10.2.1. C.rosea
10.2.2. Trichoderma harzianum
10.2.3. Pseudomonas fluorescens
10.2.3.1. against
10.2.3.1.1. gray mold
10.2.3.1.2. fire blight
10.2.3.1.3. mummy berry
10.2.4. Bacillus subtilis
10.2.5. Metschnikowia fruticola
10.3. aim
10.3.1. plant pathogen can be adapted
10.3.2. to include bio-insecticidal agents
10.3.2.1. such as spore/toxin
10.3.2.1.1. of the fungi
10.3.2.1.2. bacterium
11. Biocontrol of vetebrate pests
11.1. most successful cases of biological control of vetebrate occurred in island situations.
11.1.1. Main method of reducing number of nuisance birds from farms and airports
11.1.1.1. by encouraging the activity of raptors by providing nesting sites.
11.1.2. Barn owl are among the most studied birds in that respect and encouraged to nest in oil palm plantation to control rats
11.1.3. egg oiling, by treat the egg with oil to cause the embryo within to suffocate
11.1.3.1. to reduced the populations of some nuisance birds.
11.2. use of microbes been directed against human beings by direct application of the agent, by using intermediary vectors.
12. Biocontrol for Protection of Beneficial Arthropods
12.1. Highly important guild of animal that require protection and encouragement.
12.2. some natural product can be fed to beneficial insects
12.2.1. honeybees
12.2.1.1. offer protection from
12.2.1.1.1. intestinal parasites
12.2.1.1.2. ectoparasitic mites
12.2.1.1.3. other ailments
12.2.2. silkworm
12.3. notably the western honeybee, bumblebees
12.3.1. used to vector biological control agents
12.3.2. against plant pathogens and crop pest.
13. Genetic Engineering
13.1. incorporated biological control agents into the crop genome
13.2. Bt-maize, with expresses genes for the toxin produced
13.2.1. by B. thuringiensis
13.2.2. well know effective natural insecticidal bacterium
13.2.3. that been used in spray applications against pest insect
13.3. need to overcome the defense mechanism
13.3.1. evolve in the pest
13.4. recombinant virus
13.4.1. infect some looper caterpillar
13.5. Expresses an insect-specific toxin
13.5.1. naturally found in scorpion
13.6. possibility of combining genetic manipulation with SITs has been indicated.
14. Drivers
14.1. Public awareness
14.1.1. public concer over pesticides