1. incorrect design data, inaccurate or incorrect design method or inadequate shop testing
2. poor quality control, improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including welding, heat treatment of forming method
3. cause the heat exchangers failure
3.1. materials
3.1.1. improper selection of material or defects in materials
3.2. design
3.3. fabrication
3.4. service
3.4.1. change of service condition by the user, inexperienced operations or maintainer personnel or upset conditions
4. design guidliness
4.1. code specification
4.2. pressure and temperature
4.3. wind, seismic and weight loading
4.4. minimum thickness
4.5. support
4.6. name plates
4.7. vertical vessel support
4.8. vessels opening
4.9. internal parts
4.10. welding
4.11. fabrication tolerances
5. design software used to design pressure vessel
5.1. codeware compress - mechanical design and 3D modelling
5.2. Pvelite - mechanical design and 3D modelling
5.3. HTRI (Heat Transfer Research Ins.) - thermal process design
6. Selection of Type Heat Exchanger
6.1. U-Tube bundle heat exchanger
6.1.1. Tube side mechanicsal cleaning is not required
6.1.2. Fouling resistance does not exceed 0.00052 m^2.K/W
7. definition
7.1. a device built for efficient of heat transfer from one medium to another
7.2. not mixed with other medium
8. type of heat exchangers
8.1. shell and tube
8.1.1. U tube bundle
8.1.2. straight tubes/ fixed tubesheet
8.1.3. Floating head
8.1.4. Kettle heat exhanger
8.2. plate
9. class of heat exchangers
9.1. Class R
9.1.1. suitable for unfired shell and tube heat exchanger for generally severe requirement of petroleum
9.2. Class C
9.2.1. suitable for unfired shell and tube heat exchanger for generally moderate requirement of commercial
9.3. Class B
9.3.1. suitable for unfired shell and tube heat exchanger for the chemical process services
10. Definition of term
10.1. Pressure vessel
10.1.1. Container designed to hold gases or liquid at pressure different from ambient pressure
10.2. Boiler
10.2.1. Steam generator where water convert to steam under pressure
10.3. Chemical Reator
10.3.1. Vessel designated to contain chemical reaction
10.4. Heat Exchanger
10.4.1. Device for heat transfer efficient from one medium to other. Media should be separated by solid wall.