1.1. City children of Arab, Somali or Turkish decent in Germany
1.2. These children tend to use a different form of spoken German than the official language.
1.3. It may not make grammatical sense to the native German speaker
2. MULTIETHNOLECTS EMERGE
2.1. They are not ethnically marked
2.2. Indonesian is a language used by speakers of hundreds of other languages as a second language.
2.3. The children of these non-native speakers have developed numerous dialects
3. LANGUAGE EVOLUTION & LEGAL TRANSLATION
3.1. This type of language variation is a result of a streamlining of the language in such a way that the new version is more “user friendly”
3.2. The biggest issue may be resistance from native speakers who consider these changes to be an incorrect use of the language.
4. Spanish Language Variation in the United States
4.1. A common misconception is that Spanish in the U.S. is a monolithic entity
4.2. Spanish-language variation in the United States is due in part to diversity among Spanish speakers who settled during colonization.
4.3. Other Spanish varieties in the United States that evolved independently of Spanish on the Iberian peninsula and in Latin America show other dialect features, such as the reduction of consonant clusters and the aspiration of word final /s/
5. HOW ONE CHANGES THE OTHER
5.1. Adults who immigrate may never learn the local language well
5.2. Children, who are born and raised in the new country, most probably will
5.3. Limited education and other socioeconomic factors can influence
6. Correcting Myths
6.1. Spanish predated English in arriving to the USA.
6.2. Varieties of Spanish have been maintained for decades alongside English in a number of major urban U.S. cities.
7. The Coexistence of Spanish and English in the United States
7.1. Immigrant languages are usually lost by the third generation of speakers.
7.2. Young second-generation Mexican-Americans in report a preference for English use with peers and siblings, despite the presence of a strong Spanish-speaking community
8. Correcting the Myths about U.S. Spanish
8.1. Spanish has been spoken in the United States as long or longer than English.
8.2. Spanish in the United States is highly diverse and exhibits a wide array of variation regionally
8.3. Latino adults who are the children of immigrant parents are most likely to be bilingual.
8.4. Spanglish, an informal hybrid of both languages, is widely used among Hispanics ages 16 to 25.
