1. Prepositions
1.1. Is a word used to link nouns, pronouns or phrases. Are normally placed in front of the noun.
1.1.1. On, in, over, under, far, near, up, down.
1.1.2. In: used for time: centuries, decades, years, months, weeks .For location: country, city. For the seasons: Winter, spring, summer.
1.1.2.1. Ex: In winter, in 21st century, in september, in one hour
1.1.3. On: used for time but only days of the week and important dates.
1.1.3.1. Ex: On Christmas day, on friday.
1.1.4. At: used for exact time.
1.1.4.1. Ex: At 8:00 pm.
2. Nouns
2.1. Is any word that names people, things, animals, places events names or ideas.
2.2. They can be divided into two main categories: proper nouns and common nouns.
2.2.1. Ex: cat, plant, woman
2.3. The proper nouns are the names of people or places that are capitalized.
2.3.1. Ex: Jupiter, Japan, The bible
2.4. The common nouns are names that do not require capitalization.
2.4.1. Ex: orange, strawberry, flamingo
2.5. The collective nouns are the names of number of people or things.
2.5.1. Ex: and army of soldiers
2.6. The compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or other nouns.
2.6.1. Ex: water + melon = watermelon
2.7. The countable nouns are the ones that you can count. Like the candy, clothes, etc.
2.8. The uncountable noun are the ones you cannot count. Like water, flour, etc.
2.9. The concrete nouns are the ones that can be experienced physically rather than abstractly. For example: tree, water, etc.
2.10. The abstarct nouns are the ones that cannot be experienced physically, for example. friendship, health, etc.
3. Pronouns
3.1. The pronouns replace the nouns.
3.1.1. Possesive adj. / determiners appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do.
3.1.1.1. Ex: "Where is my laptop?"
3.1.2. Pronouns depend on the noun being replaced and the function in the sentence.
3.1.3. Ex: Adrian is eating lunch = He is eating lunch.
3.2. Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject or their clause.
3.2.1. Ex: "We are going to the movies."
3.2.2. The personal pronouns need an antencedent.
3.2.2.1. Ex: "Karina was my coworker, she is very talkative."
3.3. The Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are direct or indirect object of a clause.
3.3.1. Ex: "Tell them to bring the popcorn."
3.4. Possesive pronouns replace possessive nouns.
3.4.1. Ex: "This jacket looks like his."
3.4.2. There are two types of possesive pronouns.
3.4.3. The limiting shows that something belongs to.
3.4.3.1. Ex: "Sophia is putting on her scarf."
3.4.4. The absolute substitutes the thing that belongs to.
3.4.4.1. Ex: "The red scarf is mine."
3.5. Relative pronouns connect relative clauses to independant clauses and add info. about something previously mentioned.
3.5.1. Ex: "These are the papers I want you yo send."
3.5.2. Ex: "all the cats we got yesterday were adopted today."
3.6. Demostrative pronouns take the place of a noun that has already been mentioned.
3.7. Indefinite pronouns are when you refer to something that doesn't need specification.
3.7.1. Ex: "Has anybody seen my shoes?"
3.8. In the reflexive pronouns the subject and object refer to the same.
3.8.1. Ex: "I told myself it was ok."
3.9. The intensive pronouns add emphasis to a sentence.
3.9.1. Ex: "She drove to the mall herself."
3.10. Interrogative pronouns are questions.
3.10.1. Ex: "Who lost my phone."
4. Interjections
4.1. Is a word added to express emotions and feelings, like surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, etc.
4.2. Usually at the start.
4.2.1. Oh, that is a surprise.
4.3. Like sounds
4.3.1. Phew!, mmm
4.3.1.1. Ex: Mmmm, my compliments to the chef.
4.4. Have more than one word
4.4.1. Ex: Oh, really? I didn´t know that.
5. There are two types of sentences we use with adjectives.
5.1. SUBJECT + TO BE + ADJ
5.1.1. Ex: Michelle is happy
6. They can also be placed at the end of a sentence if they describe the object of a sentence, like temperature, age, colour, etc.
6.1. Indicates more information to add to the sentence.
7. Words that lonk other words, phrases and clauses
8. Is a word that tells us more about a noun.
9. Verbs
9.1. Are words that describe and action or talk about something that happens.
9.2. They have 5 forms:
9.3. Infinitive
9.3.1. Add a "to" before the verb.
9.3.1.1. to read.
9.3.1.1.1. Verbs that come after the verb to be (is and are). If the verb is follow by a preposition must be in -ing form.
9.4. Simple Present
9.5. Simple past/Past participle
9.5.1. They both end in "ed"
9.5.1.1. painted.
9.6. Present Participle
10. Indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as gramatically within the sentence. They are 8 types:
11. Adjectives:
11.1. Some adjectives have particular endings for example:
11.1.1. -able/-ible: washable,credible
11.2. Adjectives are placed before the noun.
11.2.1. Ex: An interesting book.
11.2.2. Ex: An apple red.
11.3. Adjectives = invariable
11.3.1. SUBJECT + VERB + ADJ. + NOUN
11.3.1.1. Ex: That is a tall building
11.4. Ex: beautiful flowers
11.5. Adjectives are always the same.
12. Conjunctions
12.1. They help you to form complex sentences without having two different short sentences.
12.2. Coordinating conjunctions
12.2.1. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
12.2.1.1. Ex: Does Mike has any dogs or cats?
12.3. Subordinating conjunctions
12.3.1. After, as soon as, before, if, unless.
12.3.1.1. Ex: You will not pass the test, unless you study hard.
12.4. Correlative conjunctions
12.4.1. Used to join dferent sentence elements which are grammatically equal.
12.4.1.1. Ex: Both pink and black are my favorite colors.
12.4.2. Ex. quite, fairly, rather, absolutely.
12.4.3. either...or, both...and, as much...as, rather...than.
12.5. EX.
12.5.1. I like watching funny videos. I like watching romantic movies. I don´t like watching movies without popcorns
12.5.1.1. Ex: I like watching funny videos and romantic movies but i don´t like to watch them without popcorn.
13. Adverbs
13.1. A word used to modify, change or qualify types of words including an adjective.
13.2. How?
13.2.1. Ex. Well, cheerfully, peacefully, badly.
13.3. Where?
13.3.1. Ex. Far, outside, backwards, below.
13.4. When?
13.4.1. Ex. Yesterday, yet, soon, already.
13.5. How much?
13.6. How often?
13.6.1. Ex. Always, normally, rarely, usually.
13.7. How can we spot an adverb?
13.7.1. They perform a wide variety of functions
13.7.2. "ly" suffix
13.7.3. an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.
13.8. Are often formed by adding "ly" to adjectives.
13.8.1. Exceptions: everywhere, nowhere.
13.9. Always be used to modify verbs.
13.10. Types
13.10.1. Adverbs of manner
13.10.1.1. How an action is carried out.
13.10.1.1.1. Ex. Lazily, loudly, gently.
13.10.2. Adverbs of place
13.10.2.1. Where an action happens.
13.10.2.1.1. Ex. They are inside.
13.10.3. Adverbs of frequency
13.10.3.1. Adverbs of indefinite frequency: Usually be placed after the main verb or auxiliary verb and infinitive.
13.10.3.1.1. Usually, always
13.10.3.1.2. Ex. Everyone always speaks wll of Robert.
13.10.3.2. Adverbs of definite frequency: Clear duration and lenght will be placed at the end of the sentence.
13.10.4. adverbs of time
13.10.4.1. They tell us when something happens
13.10.4.2. They are usually placed at the end of a sentence.
13.10.4.2.1. Ex: when? today
13.10.4.2.2. For how long? Not long
13.10.4.2.3. How often? Sometimes
13.10.5. Adverbs of purpose
13.10.5.1. Describe why something happened.
13.10.5.1.1. Individual words: so, since, thus, because
13.10.5.1.2. Clauses: so that, on order to