MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

Microbial diversity

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MICROBIAL DIVERSITY by Mind Map: MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

1. Bacteria

1.1. Phylum

1.1.1. Aquificae

1.1.1.1. oldest branch of bacteria

1.1.1.2. genus Aquifex

1.1.1.2.1. gram-negative

1.1.1.2.2. thermophile

1.1.1.2.3. microaerophilic

1.1.1.2.4. chemolithoautotroph

1.1.1.3. Bacterial thermophilc

1.1.2. Thermotogae

1.1.2.1. 2nd deepest branch of bacteria

1.1.2.2. genus Thermotoga

1.1.2.2.1. gram-negative rods

1.1.2.2.2. thermophile

1.1.2.2.3. chemeheterotrophs

1.2. Deinococcus-Thermus

1.2.1. spherical/rod shaped

1.2.2. gram-positive

1.2.3. large amount of palmitic acids

1.2.4. aerobic

1.2.5. resistant to disiccation and radiation

1.3. photosynthetic bacteria

1.3.1. Chlorobi

1.3.1.1. green sulfur bacteria

1.3.1.2. thrive in sulfide rich areas

1.3.1.3. have chlorosomes

1.3.1.4. lack flagella, nonmotile

1.3.1.5. have gas vesicles

1.3.1.6. obligate anaerobic photolithoautotrophs

1.3.2. Chloroflexi

1.3.2.1. green nonsulfur bacteria

1.3.2.2. both photosynthestic and nonphotosynthetic

1.3.2.3. genus

1.3.2.3.1. Chloroflexus

1.3.2.3.2. Herpetosiphon

1.3.3. FIrmicutes

1.3.3.1. heliobacteria

1.3.3.2. gram-positive

1.3.3.3. rods, cocci or irregular

1.3.3.4. form endospores

1.3.3.5. low G+C

1.3.4. Cyanobacteria

1.3.4.1. gram-negative

1.3.4.2. obligate photolithoautotrophs/ chemoheterotrophs

1.3.4.3. structures & arrangements

1.3.4.3.1. storage structures; carboxysomes and syanophycin

1.3.4.3.2. unicellular, colonial and filamentous called trichomes

1.3.4.4. use phycobiliproteins as acccessory pigments

1.3.4.4.1. phycobilisomes

1.3.4.4.2. prochlorophytes

1.3.4.5. most appear blue-green (phycocyanin)

1.3.4.6. red or brown coloration (phycoerythrin)

1.3.4.7. phototaxis by gas vacuoles

1.3.4.8. Ecology

1.3.4.8.1. extreme environment

1.3.4.8.2. cause blooms in nutrient-rich ponds and lakes

1.3.4.9. Ecological relationship

1.3.4.9.1. symbiotic relationship

1.3.4.10. marine genera

1.3.4.10.1. Synehococcus

1.3.4.10.2. Prochlorococcus

1.4. Plantomycetes

1.4.1. compartmentalized cells

1.4.1.1. anammoxosome compartment

1.4.2. cell wall lack peptidoglycan

1.4.3. genus

1.4.3.1. Plantomyces

1.4.3.1.1. attaches to surface through stalk and holdfast

1.4.4. others lack of stalk

1.4.4.1. have life cycles in which sessile cells bud to produce motile swarmer cells

1.5. Chlamydia

1.5.1. gram-negative

1.5.1.1. Chlamydiae

1.5.1.1.1. gram-negative

1.5.1.1.2. obligate intracellular parasites

1.5.1.1.3. genus

1.6. Spirochaetes

1.6.1. chemoheterotrophic

1.6.2. slender, long and flexible helical shape

1.6.3. motile due to axial filament

1.6.4. vary oxygen requirements

1.6.5. symbiotic relationship

1.6.5.1. diverse

1.6.5.2. free-living

1.6.5.3. hindguts of termites

1.6.5.4. digestive tract of mollusks and mammals

1.6.5.5. oral cavities of animal

1.6.5.6. disease

1.6.5.6.1. lyme disease

1.6.5.6.2. syphilis

1.7. Actinobacteria

1.7.1. gram-positive, aerobic bacteria

1.7.2. filamentous cells called hyphae

1.7.3. asexual spores

1.7.4. adapt to climates similar to fungi

1.7.5. properties

1.7.5.1. used antibiotics

1.7.5.2. produce metabolites (anticancer, antihelminthic and immunosuppressive)

1.7.5.3. complex life cycle

1.7.5.4. non motile

1.7.5.4.1. flagellated spores

1.7.6. ecological

1.7.6.1. widely distributed in soil

1.7.6.2. important role in mineralization of organic matter

1.7.6.3. free-living

1.7.6.4. cell wall types

1.7.6.4.1. based on peptidoglycan

1.7.6.4.2. sugar content

1.8. Bacteroides

1.8.1. very diverse

1.8.2. chemoheterotrophs

1.8.3. in terrestrial and marine environments

1.8.4. sewage treatment plants

1.8.5. important gut microbiota

1.8.6. genus

1.8.6.1. Bacteroides

1.8.6.1.1. anaerobic

1.8.6.1.2. gram-negative rods

1.8.6.1.3. do not form endospores

1.8.6.1.4. motile/nonmotile

1.8.6.1.5. chemoheterotrophs

1.8.6.1.6. found in oral cavity and intestinal tract of humans and animals

1.9. Proteobacteria

1.9.1. largest phylogenetically coherent bacterial group

1.9.2. diverse morphologically, physiologically and other

1.9.3. arose from photosynthetic ancestor

1.9.4. 16s rRNA

1.9.4.1. Alphaproteobacterium

1.9.4.1.1. aerobic, some anaerobic

1.9.4.1.2. chemoorganothrophs

1.9.4.1.3. budding

1.9.4.2. Betaproteobacterium

1.9.4.2.1. chemoheterotrophs

1.9.4.2.2. chemolithotrophs

1.9.4.2.3. metabolic diversity

1.9.4.3. Gammeproteobacterium

1.9.4.3.1. largest subgroup proteobacteria

1.9.4.3.2. diverse physiological types

1.9.4.4. Deltaproteobacterium

1.9.4.4.1. chemoheterotrophic

1.9.4.4.2. anaerobes and predators

1.9.4.5. Epsilonproteobacterium

1.9.4.5.1. smallest proteobacterial classes

1.9.4.5.2. slender gram-negative, rods shaped

1.9.4.5.3. thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic

1.9.4.5.4. found in marine hydrothermal vents, terristrial springs, ground water, oil-field brines, limestones caves, sulphidic springs

2. Archaea

2.1. Phylum

2.1.1. Crenarchaeota

2.1.1.1. Extreme thermophilic

2.1.1.2. strict anaerobes

2.1.1.3. Some acidophiles

2.1.1.4. sulfur-dependent

2.1.1.4.1. electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

2.1.1.4.2. electron source

2.1.1.5. organotrophs & lithotrops

2.1.2. Thaumarchaeota

2.1.2.1. unique membrane lipid

2.1.2.2. capable of nitrification

2.1.2.3. marine waters, rice paddles, soil, fresh water

2.1.3. Euyarchaeota

2.1.3.1. Methanogens

2.1.3.1.1. produce methane

2.1.3.1.2. methanogenesis: last organic compund degradation step

2.1.3.1.3. largest group of cultures archaea

2.1.3.1.4. Importance

2.1.3.2. Halobacteria

2.1.3.2.1. Extreme halophiles

2.1.3.2.2. aerobic

2.1.3.2.3. chemoheterotrophs

2.1.3.2.4. complex nutritional requirements

2.1.3.3. Thermoplasms

2.1.3.3.1. Genera

2.1.3.3.2. Thermoacidophiles

2.1.3.3.3. Lack cell walls

2.1.3.4. Extreme thermophile

2.1.3.4.1. Genera

2.1.3.4.2. Motile by flagella

2.1.3.4.3. op. temperature : 88-100 degree celcius

2.1.3.4.4. strictly anaerobic

2.1.3.4.5. sulfur reducer to sulfide

2.1.3.5. sulfate-reducers

2.1.3.5.1. irregular coccoid cells

2.1.3.5.2. extremely thermophilc

2.1.3.5.3. lithotrophic/organotrophic

2.1.3.5.4. sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfite (electron acceptor)

2.2. Physiological and morphological groups

2.2.1. Methanogenic archaea

2.2.2. Archaea sulfate reducer

2.2.3. Extremely halophile archaea

2.2.4. Cell wall-less archaea

2.2.5. Extremely thermophilic

2.2.6. Mesophilic aerobic ammonia oxidizers

2.3. Metobolism

2.3.1. Organotrophy

2.3.2. Autotrophy

2.3.3. Phototrophy

3. Protists

3.1. general characteristics

3.1.1. unicellular

3.1.2. lack the level of tissue organization present

3.1.3. distribution

3.1.3.1. grow in a wide variety of moist habitats

3.1.3.2. most free living

3.1.3.3. chemoorganotrophic

3.1.3.4. parasitic forms

3.1.4. morphology

3.1.4.1. plasma membrane; similar to multicellular plants/animals

3.1.4.2. cytoplasm

3.1.4.2.1. outer gelatinous ectoplasm just underneath plasma membrane

3.1.4.2.2. inner fluid region termed endoplasm

3.1.4.3. pellicle structure provides support

3.1.5. taxonomy

3.1.5.1. difficult to define

3.1.5.2. in flux and an area of active research

3.1.6. group Excavata

3.1.6.1. Fornicata

3.1.6.1.1. microaerophilic

3.1.6.1.2. harmless symbionts except

3.1.6.2. Parabasilia

3.1.6.2.1. flagellated endosymbionts of animals

3.1.6.2.2. lack of distinct cytosome, use phagocytosis to engulf foo

3.1.6.2.3. subgroups

3.1.6.3. Euglenozoa

3.1.6.3.1. found in fresh water

3.1.6.3.2. 1/3 photoautotrophic, rest chemoorganotrophs

3.1.6.3.3. Euglena

3.1.7. group Amoebozoa

3.1.7.1. amoeboid motility

3.1.7.1.1. use pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding

3.1.7.1.2. naked amoebae are surrounded only by a plasma membrane

3.1.7.1.3. testate amoebae

3.1.7.1.4. reproduce by binary/multiple fission

3.1.8. group Rhizaria

3.1.8.1. Stramenopila

3.1.8.1.1. diatoms

3.1.8.1.2. golden and brown algae

3.1.8.1.3. haptophytes

3.1.8.1.4. oomycetes and labyrinthulids

3.1.8.1.5. brown seaweeds and kelp

3.1.8.2. Alveolata

3.1.8.2.1. large group

3.1.8.3. morphology

3.1.8.3.1. fine pseudopodia, branched, simple, connectes

3.1.8.3.2. axopodia

3.1.9. group Archaeplastida

3.1.9.1. photosynthetic plastid, arose through an ancient endosymbiosis with cyanobacterium

4. Fungi (Eumycota)

4.1. eukaryotic, spore bearing

4.2. chemoorganoheterotrophs with absorptive metabolism

4.3. saprophytes

4.3.1. absorb nutrients from dead organic material - releasing degradative enzymes

4.3.2. osmotrophy- absorb soluble products

4.4. lack chlorophyll

4.5. reproduce sexually and asexually

4.6. lack chlorophyll

4.7. Taxonomy

4.7.1. Basidiomycota

4.7.1.1. decomposers

4.7.1.2. edible and non-edible mushrooms

4.7.1.3. pathogens of humans, animals and plants

4.7.2. Ascomycota

4.7.2.1. found in freshwater, marine & terrestrial habitats

4.7.2.2. red, brown and blue-green molds cause food spoilage

4.7.2.3. some are human and plant pathogens

4.7.2.4. some yeasts, truffles

4.7.2.5. research tools

4.7.2.6. Genus

4.7.2.6.1. Aspergillus

4.7.2.7. pathogenic

4.7.2.7.1. Claviceps purpura

4.7.2.7.2. Candida, Blastomyces, Histoplasma

4.7.2.7.3. Stachybotrys

4.7.2.7.4. Aspergillus

4.7.3. Zygomycota

4.7.3.1. mostly saprophytes

4.7.3.2. form coenocytic hypahe

4.7.3.3. industrial importance

4.7.3.3.1. foods, antibiotics and other drugs

4.7.3.4. asexually by spores

4.7.3.5. sexual reproduction occurs went not favorable conditions

4.7.3.5.1. require compatible opposite mating types

4.7.3.5.2. hormone production causes hyphae to produce gametes

4.7.3.5.3. gametes fuse, forming zugotes (become zygospore)

4.7.3.6. genus

4.7.3.6.1. R. stolonifer

4.7.3.6.2. Importance

4.7.4. Glomeromycota

4.7.4.1. aseptate flat hyphae to penetrate host plants

4.7.4.2. multinucleate spores

4.7.4.3. asexually

4.7.4.4. important mycorrhizal symbionts

4.7.4.4.1. form intracellular association with roots of hebaceous plants and tropical trees

4.7.4.4.2. mutualistic relationship

4.7.5. Chtridiomycota

4.7.5.1. simplest fungi, called cyhtrids

4.7.5.1.1. free living, saprophytic

4.7.5.1.2. parasitic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, insects

4.7.5.1.3. found in anoxic rumen of herbivores

4.7.5.1.4. may be responsible for large-scale mortality of amphibians

4.7.5.2. produce zoospore with single, posterior, whiplash flagellum

4.7.5.2.1. most primitive form of spore dispersal

4.7.5.2.2. flagella lost in higher forms

4.7.5.3. asexual and sexual reproduction

4.7.5.4. members degrade cellulose and keratin

4.8. Distribution & Important

4.8.1. primarily terrestrial, few aquatic

4.8.2. pathogenic in animal/plants

4.8.3. some form associations

4.8.3.1. mycorrhizae- plant roots

4.8.3.2. lichens - algae and cyanobacteria

4.8.4. Decomposers

4.8.4.1. degrade complex organic material in the environment to simple and inorganic

4.8.4.2. carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other critical constituents are recyled

4.8.5. industrial & research use

4.8.5.1. industrial importance

4.8.5.1.1. fermentation

4.8.5.1.2. organic acids

4.8.5.1.3. certain drugs

4.8.5.1.4. antibiotics

4.8.5.1.5. immunosuppressive agents

4.8.5.2. Research use

4.8.5.2.1. geneticists, cytologists, biochemists, biophysicists and microbiologist

4.8.5.2.2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

4.9. General characteristics

4.9.1. unicellular

4.9.2. multicellular (mostly)

4.9.3. hyphae; ceonocytic (not separate) and septate

4.9.4. mycelium; large collection network of hypahe

4.9.5. cell walls made of chitin

4.10. Microsporidia

4.10.1. obligate intracellular fungal parasites

4.10.1.1. infect fish, insects and humans

4.10.2. transtional form is a spore structure capble of surviving outside the host

4.10.3. similar to classic fungi

4.10.3.1. contain chitin, trehalose and mitosomes

4.10.3.2. lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles

4.10.3.3. unique morphology

4.10.3.3.1. polar tube essential for host invasion

4.10.4. human infections

4.10.4.1. Enterocystozoon bieneusi

4.10.4.1.1. diarrhae

4.10.4.1.2. pneumonia

4.10.4.2. Encephalitozoon cuniculi

4.10.4.2.1. encephalitis

4.10.4.2.2. nephritis

4.10.4.3. HIV/AIDS