Structuralism

1. 1. Paradigmatic (sustitutional): The relationship between words of the same category.

2. The sign: signified / signifier

2.1. 1. Signifier: form ( sound image: letters or sounds).The form which the sign takes. The psychological imprint of the sound.

2.2. 2. Signified: concept (real image). The signified is the concept or essence (nature) of something which it represents

2.3. - There are Arbitrary and Conventional relationships between the signifier and its signified.

2.4. - Both signifier and signified work together to create meaning.

3. Syntagmatic / paradigmatic relations

3.1. 2. Syntagmatic: Putting words in sequence to create meaning. Or putting words together in order to create sentence.

4. Synchronic / Diachronic modes

4.1. • According to Saussure linguistics can be divided in to two distinctions:

4.1.1. 1. Synchronic Linguistics: “language studied as a complete system at a given point in time”

4.1.2. 2. Diachronic Linguistics: “Language studied in its historical development“.

4.1.2.1. This is known as “Historical Linguistics”.

4.2. • The synchronic and the diachronic modes of explanation are complementary.

4.3. • The diachronic is logically dependent upon the synchronic.

5. Langue / Parole

5.1. Langage: “a system of signs that express ideas”. It Can be divided into two components:

5.1.1. 1. Langue: refers to the “abstract system” of language

5.1.1.1. Syntax, Phonology

5.1.2. 2. Parole is the individual’s speech utterances

5.1.2.1. What the person\ individual speaks (English, French, Arabic)