1. PART 3: Loaders
1.1. Tool Carriers
1.2. Skid-Steer Loaders
1.3. Material Handlers
1.4. Estimating Loader Production
1.4.1. [[Table 6 / pg. 63] Basic loader cycle time
1.4.2. [Figure 16 / pg. 63] Travel time, wheel loader (haul + return)
1.4.3. Example 7 / pg. 63
1.5. Job Management
2. PART 4: Scrapers
2.1. Operation & Employment
2.2. Estimating Scraper Production
2.2.1. [Table 7 / pg. 67] Scraper fixed time (min)
2.2.2. Example 8 / pg. 67
2.2.3. Example 9 / pg. 68
2.3. Push-Loading
2.3.1. Figure 23 / pg.69
2.4. Optimum Load Time
2.5. Calculating the # of Pushers Required
2.5.1. Number of scrapers served = Scraper cycle time / Pusher cycle time [Eq. 11]
2.5.2. Number of pushers required = Number of scrapers / Number served by one pusher [Eq. 12]
2.5.3. [Figure 24 / page 25] A load growth curve
2.5.4. [Table 8 / page 25] Typical pusher cycle time (min)
2.5.5. Example 10 / page 25
2.5.6. [Figure 25 / page 25] Finding the optimum load time
2.5.7. Example 11 / page 26
2.6. Push-Pull Loading
2.6.1. [Figure 26 / page 25] Scraper pplication zones
2.7. Job Management
3. PART 5: Trucks and Wagons
3.1. Operation & Employment
3.2. Determining # of Haul Units Needed
3.2.1. Load time = Haul unit capacity / Loader production at 100% efficiency [Eq. 14]
3.2.2. Load time = Number of bucket loads x Excavator cycle time [Eq. 15]
3.2.3. Number of haulers required (N) = Haul unit cycle time / Load time [Eq. 16]
3.2.4. [Table 9 /pg. 74] Spot, maneuver, and dump time for trucks and wagons (min)
3.2.5. Expected production (Number units less than N) = Actual number of units / N = Excavator production [ Eq. 17]
3.2.6. Example 12 / pg. 74
3.3. Job Management
4. PART 1: Estimating Equipment Travel Time
4.1. Rolling Resistance
4.1.1. Cycle time = Fixed time + Variable time [Eq. 1]
4.1.2. Total resistance = Grade resistance + Rolling resistance [Eq. 2]
4.1.3. Rolling resistance factor (lb/ton) = 40 + (30 x in. penetration) [Eq. 3A]
4.1.4. Rolling resistance factor (kg/t) = 20 + (6 x cm penetration) [Eq. 3B]
4.1.5. [Table 1 / pg. 49] Typical values of rolling resistance factor
4.2. Grade Resistance
4.2.1. Grade resistance factor (lb/ton) = 20 x grade (%) [Eq. 4A]
4.2.2. Grade resistance factor (kg/t) = 10 x grade (%) [Eq. 4B]
4.2.3. Grade resistance (lb) = Vehicle weight (tons) x Grade resistance factor (lb/ton) [Eq. 5A]
4.2.4. Grade resistance (kg) = Vehicle weight (t) x Grade resistance factor (kg/t) [Eq. 5B]
4.2.5. Grade resistance = Vehicle weight (lb) x Grade [Eq. 6A]
4.2.6. Grade resistance (kg) = Vehicle weight (kg) x Grade [Eq. 6B]
4.3. Effective Grade
4.3.1. Effective grade (%) = Grade (%) + Rolling resistance factor (lb/ton) / 20 [Eq. 7A]
4.3.2. Effective grade (%) = Grade (%) + Rolling resistance factor (kg/t) / 100 [Eq. 7B]
4.3.3. Example 1 / page 50
4.3.4. Example 2 / page50
4.4. Effective of Altitude
4.4.1. Derating factor (%) = 3 x ( Altitude (ft) - 3000* ) / 1000 [Eq. 8A]
4.4.2. Derating factor (%) = ( Altitude (m) - 915* ) / 102 [Eq. 8B)
4.4.3. * Susbstitute max altitude for rated performance, if known.
4.5. Effect of Traction
4.5.1. Maximum usable pull = Coefficient of traction x Weight on drivers [Eq. 9]
4.5.2. Example 3 / page 51
4.5.3. [Table 2 / pg. 51] Typical values of coefficient of traction
4.6. Use of Performance & Retarder Curves
4.6.1. [Figure 1 / pg. 52] Typical crawler tractor performance curve
4.6.2. [Figure 2 / pg. 53] Wheel scraper performance curve
4.7. Estimating Travel Time
4.7.1. [Figure 3 / pg. 54] Wheel scraper retarder curve
4.7.2. [Table 3 / pg. 54] Average speed factors
5. PART 2: Dozers
5.1. Tractors and Dozers
5.1.1. [Figure 4 / pg. 55] Scraper travel time--loaded
5.1.2. [Figure 5 / pg. 55 Scraper travel time--emty
5.2. Dozer Blades
5.3. Estimating Dozer Production
5.3.1. Production = Volume per cycle x Cycles per hour [Basic of earthmoving prod Review]
5.3.2. Blade load (LCY) = 0.0139 x H(ft) x W(ft) x L(ft) [Eqn. 10A]
5.3.3. Blade load (LCM) = 0.375 x H(m) x W(m) x L(m) [Eqn. 10B]
5.3.4. [Table 4 / pg. 58] Typical dozer fixed cycle times
5.3.5. [Table 5 / pg. 58] Typical dozer operating speeds
5.3.6. Example 6 / pg. 58