1. Genetic Aspects in Parkinson's Disease
1.1. Speaker
1.1.1. Thomas Gasser
1.2. Genetic Parkinsonism
1.2.1. Case presentation
1.2.2. genetic/non-genetic parkinsonisms, are not categorical distinguishable (not helpfull)
1.2.3. Many genes are involved
1.2.4. Some monogenetic ones
1.2.5. Early onset recessive PD
1.3. Feasibility of identifying genetic variants by risk-allele frequency and strength of genetic effect - 2009, Nature
1.4. Park 1/4
1.4.1. Alpha synuclein mutations
1.4.2. Some people think it's the central gene in pathophysiology
1.5. alfa-syn pathology in LRRK2 - mutations
1.5.1. Large variations in prevalence across world
1.6. Monogenic - risk factor genetic
1.6.1. This border begins to blur
1.7. Two pathways to PD
1.7.1. Mitophagy pathway
1.7.2. Alfa synuclein
1.7.3. Relation between these pathways not clear
1.8. Promising new technology
1.8.1. whole exome sequencing
1.8.2. Zimprich et al AJHG 2011
1.9. VPS 35 gene in PD
1.9.1. is it pathogenic?
1.9.2. what does this mutation mean?
1.9.3. Sharma et al, submitted
1.9.4. A multi-centered clinico-genetic analysis of the VPS35 gene in PD
1.10. Gaucher disease and PD
1.10.1. Gaucher disease
1.10.1.1. non-neuropathic type I
1.10.1.2. acute neuropathic type II
1.10.1.3. subacute neuropathic type
1.10.1.4. Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in PD
1.10.2. GBA-associated PD presents with nonmotor characteristics
1.10.2.1. specific treatment?
1.11. Monogenic PD
1.11.1. tip of iceberg
1.11.2. Population stratifications
1.12. Genome wide association studies
1.12.1. Simon=sanchez et al, nat genet 2009
1.12.2. Satake et al - nat genetic 2009
1.12.3. pittman et al hum. mol. genet. 2004
1.12.4. Tau gene
1.12.4.1. haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region in PD
1.12.4.2. Different regions in brain and Tau metabolism - John Hardy
1.13. Are there more genes
1.13.1. simon sanchez et al PlosOne 2012
1.13.2. protein homeostasis pathway
1.13.3. energy homeostasis in mytochondria
1.13.4. There may be a few interlinked pathways rather than one common pathway
1.13.5. e.g. stratification of patients with certain degrees of various pathways involved could be a way forward
1.14. In sporadic cases
1.14.1. We need to move away from single gene, single therapy idea toward systems approach
2. Christopher Dunninger
2.1. Prion-like disease mechanism in PD?
2.2. Neuronal survival unit
2.2.1. Lab of Patrik Brundin
2.3. Neuropathology
2.3.1. mid brain dopaminergic neurons die
2.3.2. lewy bodies indicate protein misfolding
2.3.3. braak hypothesis- describes progression of lewy pathology
2.4. Alfa synuclein
2.4.1. proposed rol in vesicle transport
2.4.2. ..
2.4.3. a-synuclein increases in age
2.4.3.1. correlated w dopamine neuron loss
2.4.3.2. 12 year old grafted neurons
2.4.3.2.1. 40% lewy bodies
2.4.3.3. 16 year old grafted neurons
2.4.3.3.1. 80% has lewy bodies
2.5. Braak staging of Lewy related pathology in PD
2.5.1. lewy bodies progress in time and place
2.5.2. clinical correlates
2.6. Grafting
2.6.1. lewy bodies in grafts
2.6.2. oxidative stress?
2.6.3. Excitotoxicity?
2.6.4. Coming from host brain?
2.6.4.1. most controversial.../interesting
2.6.4.2. alfa syn cell to cell transfer
2.6.5. does transmitted alfa synuclein recruit endogenous protein?
2.6.6. does the fluorescent substance "cause" the transfer?
2.7. Can transmitted alfa syn. seed aggregation?
2.7.1. bimoleculare fluorescence complementation (BiFC)
2.7.1.1. this happens
2.7.1.2. no proof of aggregation
2.7.1.3. proof of interaction
2.7.2. Animal modelling
2.7.2.1. alfa synuclein seeding in vivo?
2.8. Exosomes
2.8.1. Alfa syn has been seen in exosomes
2.8.2. 100 nanometers
2.8.2.1. 50 microliters of CSF needed for assay
2.8.3. cell culture model is replicating work of 2 other groups
2.8.4. Exosomes containing alfa synuclein affect kinetics of alfa synuclein aggregation
2.8.5. Exosomes are interesting why?
2.8.5.1. can probably spread pathology
2.8.5.2. can be of use in therapy
2.8.6. We know alfa syn spreads from cell to cell, but how we dont know
3. Alpha Synuclein ligomers as potential therapeutic target and biomarker
3.1. Martin Ingelsson, MD, PhD
3.1.1. Uppsala
3.2. Lewy bodies/neurites consist of alfa synuclein
3.2.1. Alfa syn aggergation pathway
3.2.1.1. tetramer -> monomer
3.2.1.1.1. -->misfolded protein
3.2.1.1.2. controversy on this step
3.3. Oxidative stress and formation of reactive aldehydes
3.3.1. to induce oligomers
3.3.2. to stabilise oligomers
3.3.3. Nasström et al.
3.3.4. alfa synuclein oligomers cause mitochondrial toxicity
3.3.5. Checking oligomers to various systems to check toxicity
3.3.6. Alfa synuclein oligomers decrease long term potentiation (LTP) in rat hippocampal neurons
3.3.6.1. oligomers have impact on this
3.3.7. Generation of monoclonal alfa synuclein antibodies
3.3.7.1. hybridoma production
3.3.7.2. made in mice
3.3.7.3. characterization of alfa syn oligomer selective antibodies
3.3.7.3.1. fagerqvist et al
3.3.8. Oligomer selective antibodies are internalized in H4 neuroglioma cells
3.3.8.1. Nässtrom et al Plos One 2011
3.3.9. The 49G antibody can interfere with early steps of alfa synuclein aggregation
3.3.9.1. bifluorescence complimentation assay
3.3.10. missed some notes here..
4. Notes taken for
4.1. www.parkinsonsmovement.com
4.2. Disclaimer: notes are personal notes, no substitute for peer reviewed work, please verify scientific papers if anything written here is interesting to you!
4.3. notes author:
4.3.1. Paul de Roos
4.3.2. www.paulderoos.com
4.3.3. http://www.twitter.com/paulderoos
5. Tremor and differential diagnosis - Jan Raethjen
5.1. Essential tremor
5.1.1. ET vs PD tremor
5.1.1.1. 10% of ET patients have some degree of resting tremor -- makes diagnostic process harder
5.1.1.2. postural tremor vs rest tremor
5.1.1.3. DAT scan - ET vs PD tremor
5.1.1.4. transcranial sonography
5.1.1.5. Accelerometric tremoranalysis
5.1.1.5.1. muthuraman 2011
5.2. dystonic
5.3. cerebellar
5.3.1. ET vs cerebellar
5.3.1.1. ataxia in both
5.3.1.2. ET + alcohol = tremor decreases
5.3.1.3. finger-nose exercise
5.3.1.4. Gait disorders in ET
5.3.1.4.1. with/without alcohol
5.4. parkinsonian
5.5. functional
5.5.1. Moving toward 'laboratory supported" criteria for psychogenic tremor, mov dis 2011, Schwingenschuh et al
5.5.2. ET vs Dystonic tremor
5.5.2.1. Some controversial aspects
5.6. Efficacy of treatments
5.6.1. elble et al 2007
5.7. Treatment of PD tremor
5.7.1. table w various steps
5.7.1.1. step 1
5.7.1.2. step 2
5.7.1.3. step 3
5.7.1.3.1. DBS for tremor
5.8. Why does thalamic stimulation selectively abolish termor leaving voluntary motor control in tact?
5.8.1. thalamocortical loop
6. Early phase PD - Richard Dodel
6.1. Centennial of the description of Lewy bodies 1912
6.2. Guidelines
6.2.1. S1
6.2.1.1. Expert
6.2.2. S3
6.2.2.1. Highest level of evidence
6.3. Main targets
6.3.1. pathophysiology
6.3.2. Meissner et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011
6.4. LSVT BIG
6.4.1. ebersbach et al Mov Disord 2010
6.5. CBT in PD
6.5.1. Psychiatric complications: Depression
6.5.2. more focus on non drug treatment
6.6. notes missed
6.7. Conclusion
6.7.1. no evidence for neuroprotective therapies
6.7.2. no evidence for disease modifying therapies
6.7.3. gaps in evidence based therapy of early pd
6.7.4. considerable preliminary evidence for effect of CBT and physiotherapy
6.7.5. one missed
7. Advanced Phase PD - Angelo Antonini
7.1. Patient diary of a patient w advanced PD
7.2. based on effectiveness of levodopa
7.3. notes not taken
8. Kailash Bhatia - is there a connection between ET and PD?
8.1. What is ET?
8.1.1. e.g. Hereditary myoclonic Dystonia, Hereditary Torsion Dystonia and Hereditary Essential Myoclonus - an area of confusion --> terms disappeared from literature now...
8.2. Paper: Tremor - Some controversial aspects
8.3. MDS consensus criteria for ET
8.3.1. exclusion criteria include...dystonia etc.
8.4. Deuschl et al, Muslce Nerve 2001
8.5. controversy
8.5.1. ET and dystonia
8.5.2. ET and PD
8.5.3. how common is ET
8.5.3.1. epidemiology studies a 2750 fold difference among 20 studies
8.5.4. Tremor in unselected "normal" elderly
8.5.4.1. 98,7% has it
8.5.4.2. aged people w tremor usually dont visit clinics for this, but for other causes
8.5.5. "Benign" Essential Tremor (ET) the most common movement disorder
8.5.5.1. why in sporadic disorder PD a number of genes known
8.5.5.2. why in ET no genes found while most prevalent movement disorder and dominant inherited?
8.5.5.2.1. groups not homogeneous
8.5.6. The bimodal peak
8.5.6.1. early in life
8.5.6.2. later in life
8.5.6.3. which disease do you know w a bimodal peak?
8.5.6.3.1. actual different conditions?
8.5.7. Louis group
8.5.7.1. tremor of the head
8.5.7.1.1. more likely in women
8.5.7.1.2. more likely in late onset
8.6. Isolated ET of jaw
8.6.1. hypertrofic jaw muscle.. dystonia?
8.7. Is ET pathologically one disease?
8.7.1. Louis 2007, Shill 2008
8.7.2. no consistent pathology in ET
8.8. What other conditions are commonly mistaken for ET and vice versa?
8.8.1. enhanced physiological tremor
8.8.2. tremulous dystonia or dystonic tremor
8.8.3. pd
8.9. paper: Prevalence of movement disorders in men and women aged 50-89 age
8.10. Consensus statement of MDS on tremor
8.10.1. dystonic tremor: tremor in a body part that is affected by dystonia
8.10.2. Tremor associated w dystonia: tremor in a body part not affected by dystonia, but the patient has dystonia elsewhere
8.10.3. Dystonia gene-associated tremor: isolated tremor in patients with a dystonic pedigree
8.10.4. Deuschl. et al
8.11. Is ET associated w PD or PD w ET?
8.11.1. ET pts may only come to doctor when something else happens (e.g. development of PD)
8.11.2. PD may be tremor dominant (eg parkin disease can present w just tremor for many years)
8.11.3. Further misdiagnosis between familial dystonic tremor, PD and ET
8.12. various clinical cases presented
8.13. Message: be very careful w calling something ET
8.13.1. ET-no-nos
8.13.1.1. unilateral/very asymmetric arm tremor
8.13.1.2. etc..
8.13.2. lack of gold standard
9. Gesine Paul-Visse - Intracerebroventricular administration of PDGF-BB in moderate PD
9.1. Rationale
9.1.1. PDGF-BB
9.1.1.1. well known in angiogenesis
9.1.1.2. Recombinant human PDGF-BB = drug substance becaplermin
9.1.1.2.1. Regraneux
9.1.1.2.2. GEM 21S
9.1.2. PDGF in vitro neuroprotective for fetal DA neurons exposed to 6-OHDA
9.1.3. In vivo model: restorative effect PDGF-BB
9.1.3.1. increases periventricular cell proliferation
9.1.3.1.1. Zachrisson et al 2011
9.1.3.2. PDGF-BB increases nr of TH positive cells - effect is proliferation dependent
9.1.3.2.1. a mitosis inhibitor stops the effect
9.1.3.3. PDGF-BB increases striatal DAT binding-effect is proliferation dependent
9.1.3.4. Affects behavior!
9.1.3.5. suggested mechanism of action
9.1.3.5.1. missed notes
9.2. PDGF-BB for PD - a potentially disease modifying treatment
9.2.1. snn0031
9.2.2. Treatment paradigm
9.2.2.1. repeated injection will lead to disease modifaction
9.2.3. substance does not cross blood-brain barrier
9.2.3.1. delivered by pump
9.2.3.1.1. pump by medtronic
9.2.4. inclusion criteria
9.2.4.1. missed
9.2.5. outcome measures
9.2.5.1. primary objective
9.2.5.1.1. to assess safety and tolerability of drug, device and procedure
9.2.5.1.2. adverse events
9.2.5.1.3. vital signs
9.2.5.1.4. ecg
9.2.5.1.5. safety lab
9.2.5.1.6. cranial mri
9.2.5.1.7. fundoscopy
9.2.5.1.8. MMSE
9.2.5.1.9. MADRS
9.2.5.2. secondary
9.2.5.2.1. UPDRS
9.2.5.2.2. EQ-5D
9.2.5.2.3. DAT-PET
10. Jeff Kordower - Nurturing Gene therapy for PD
10.1. Ongoing clinical trials
10.1.1. symptomatic therapy
10.1.1.1. AAV2-AADC (genzyme/Avigen)
10.1.1.2. AAV2-GAD ( )
10.1.1.3. needs to make things better...better than what?
10.1.1.3.1. better than DBS
10.2. protection(trofic factors)
10.2.1. GDNF
10.2.1.1. does not work in Alfa synuclein models(!) - Lo Bianco
10.2.1.2. Prevention of fine-motor deficits in mptp-treated monkeys by lentiviral gene delivery of GDNF
10.2.1.2.1. does give good results
10.2.2. Neurturin
10.2.2.1. GDNF --> in clinics stopped../intellectual property
10.2.2.2. signals through GDNF pathway
10.2.2.3. Neurturin is expressed in the caudate and putament following AAV-NTN (CERE-120) administration
10.2.2.4. symptomatic benefit MUST be demonstrated, in order to power studies
10.2.2.4.1. ADAGIO study --> showed that much is needed to show neuroprotective effect
10.2.2.5. Able to increase level of dopamine w the delivery
10.2.2.5.1. response = dose dependent
10.2.2.6. Monkey study
10.2.2.6.1. MPTP
10.2.2.6.2. MPTP + neurturin
10.2.2.7. Phase 1
10.2.2.7.1. open label
10.2.2.8. Phase 2
10.2.2.8.1. inject vector in putamen
10.2.2.8.2. trial failed
10.2.2.8.3. Marks Olanow, Lancet
10.2.2.8.4. Change from Baseline in UPDRS (Part II) motor score "off"
10.2.2.8.5. not significant in 12 months... some got significant after 18 months
10.2.2.8.6. three challenges
10.2.2.9. where next?
10.2.2.9.1. inject in striatum
10.2.2.9.2. inject in SNc
10.2.2.9.3. increase dose
10.2.2.9.4. hope: enhanced clinical benefit
10.2.2.10. Early patients
10.2.2.10.1. biomarker
10.2.2.11. Conclusions
10.2.2.11.1. more complicated than thought: use of trofic factors
10.2.2.11.2. go big or go home..
10.2.2.11.3. etc..
10.2.3. ARTN
10.2.4. PSPN
11. Eduardo Tolosa - Barcelona, Spain - Neuropharmacological treatment: pipeline and future perspectives
11.1. new therapies in clinical development
11.1.1. motor problems
11.1.1.1. dopaminergic agents
11.1.1.1.1. IPX066
11.1.1.1.2. apomorphin inhalation
11.1.1.1.3. Safinamide
11.1.1.1.4. pardoprunox
11.1.1.1.5. etc
11.1.1.2. non-dopaminergic agents
11.1.1.2.1. Normal
11.1.1.2.2. Dyskinetic
11.1.1.2.3. :lancet Neurol 2008;7:927-38
11.1.1.2.4. Preladenant
11.1.1.2.5. AFQ056 - novartis
11.1.1.2.6. Perampanel
11.1.1.2.7. Fipamezole
11.1.2. non-motor problems
11.1.2.1. Pathological gambling in PD is reduced by Amantadine
11.1.2.2. Amantadine use associated w impulse control disorders in PD...
11.1.2.2.1. dominion study, contradictory results
11.1.2.3. Falling
11.1.2.3.1. Reduce frequency of falls w Central cholinesterase inhibitor
11.1.2.4. Postural hypotension
11.1.2.4.1. L-DOPS
11.1.2.4.2. New node
11.2. other type of therapies
11.2.1. Physical exercise
11.2.1.1. LSVT BIG study
11.2.1.2. Self-management Rehabilitation and Health-Related Quality of Life in PD: a RCT
11.2.1.3. Tai Chi and Postural Stability in PD patients, NEJM
12. Tony Schapira - modifying PD
12.1. What
12.1.1. Schapira & Tolosa, Nat Rev. Neurol
12.1.1.1. New node
12.1.2. Mitochondrial function
12.1.3. Aging
12.1.3.1. lysosomal function decrease
12.1.3.2. autophagy function decreases
12.1.4. Oxidative forforylation and free radical creation
12.1.5. LRRK-2, many targets which cause fosforylation
12.1.5.1. alfa syn fosforylation
12.1.5.2. kinase inhibitors
12.1.6. Process of Autophagy
12.1.6.1. alfa synuclein degradation
12.1.6.2. destruction of organelles
12.1.6.2.1. mitochondria
12.1.7. Transport of mitochondria
12.1.8. Turn over of mitochondria
12.1.8.1. Repair?
12.1.8.2. Destroy?
12.1.9. Gegg et al 2010 HMG, Rakovic et al PLOS One
12.1.10. PGC-1 Alfa
12.1.10.1. increase mitochonrdial mass in physiological terms
12.1.11. Potential Therapeutic targets
12.1.11.1. Many!
12.1.11.2. Ca channel modulators
12.1.11.3. protein disaggregation
12.2. Who?
12.2.1. Genetic causes of PD
12.2.1.1. PARK genes
12.2.1.1.1. g2190s mutation
12.2.1.1.2. LRRK2 is common
12.2.2. environment
12.2.2.1. insignificant compated to genetic causes
12.2.3. should we develop personalised medicine for individuals w particular biochemical markers?
12.2.3.1. Cohorts of individuals w certain risk factors may benefit of some approaches, while others will not
12.2.3.2. DATATOP: Vit E/urate
12.2.3.3. LRRK2 inhibitors
12.2.3.4. GBA carriers
12.2.3.5. Ashkenazi jews
12.2.4. General application?
12.2.4.1. mitochondrial enhancers
12.2.4.2. ?
12.2.4.3. ?
12.3. When to treat?
12.3.1. logic: as soon as possible
12.3.2. prodromal stage
12.3.2.1. molecular
12.3.2.2. clinical
12.3.3. whom are the right patients?
12.4. How
12.4.1. how to treat
12.4.2. how to test
12.4.3. neuroprotection trial characteristics
13. Anders Björklund - Nurr1
13.1. why is it interesting in PD?
13.1.1. papers on a possible link