1. WORD MEANING
1.1. what the word/sentence indicates
2. PROPOSITION
2.1. Part of meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs ( persons or thing)
2.2. Can be true or false
2.3. Can be entertained in the mind regardless of whether it it true or false
2.4. Can be expressed in different types of sentences
2.4.1. Declarative
2.4.2. Interrogative
2.4.3. Imperative
2.5. A proposition does not belong to any particular language.
3. REFERENCE
3.1. the relationship between language and the real world
4. GENERIC SENTENCE
4.1. Definition: sentence in which some statement is made about a whole unrestricted class of individuals.
4.2. Example: A whale over there is mammal => a particular whale different from The whale is mammal=> a group of whales
5. DEIXIS
5.1. Definition: one which take some elements from the context or situation. ( speaker, address, time, place of the utterance in which is used
5.2. Deixis is a phemomenon
5.3. Deictic words can be referring expression
5.3.1. 4 catergories : personal deixis ( he, I, she,..), temporal deixis ( today, tomorrow, yesterday), demonstrative deixis ( this, that), spatial deixis ( here, there)
5.4. Deixis can be tense
5.4.1. Example: I graduated from high school in 2004. => can determined the time that utterance was made.
5.5. Deictic words can be certain word
5.5.1. Example: go, take, get, come
5.6. Function of deixis
5.6.1. all languages have deictic terms
6. DEFINITENESS
6.1. Definition
6.1.1. Refer to any noun phrase which is used to identify the referent because it is unique in the universe of discourse.
6.2. 2 Types
6.2.1. anaphoric
6.2.2. cataphoric
7. SPEAKER MEANING
7.1. what the speaker intend to convey
8. SENSE
8.1. Definition
8.1.1. Deal with relationship inside the language
8.1.2. Not physical existence
8.1.3. One such relationship is the sameness of meaning
8.2. Word, phrase, sentence have sense
8.3. in some cases, the same word can have more than one sense
9. REFERRING EXPRESSION
9.1. Definition: any expression used in an utterance to refer to something, someone( particular referents in mind)
9.2. indefinite noun is referring expression or not depending on context
9.3. Certain can be added to indefinite noun to become referring expression
9.4. Definite noun phase can be frequently referring expression but sometimes not.
10. PREDICATE
10.1. Any word ( or a sequence of words which (in a given single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence.
10.2. Example: tall, handsome, stranger, room => in a given single sense which is made clear by the context.
11. UTTERANCE
11.1. Convention: quotation marks
11.2. any stretch of talk, by one person, before & after which there is silence on the part of that person
11.3. short-lived
12. SENTENCE
12.1. a grammatically complete string of words that expresses a complete thought
12.2. Convention: italicized
13. OPAQUE CONTEXT
13.1. A part of a sentence which could be made into a complete sentence by the addition of a referring expression, but where the addition of different referring expressions, even though they refer to the same thing or person, in a given situation, will yield sentences with different meanings when uttered in a given situation.
13.2. Uses the verbs like want, believe, think, wonder.
14. THE DEGREE OF A PREDICATE
14.1. one- place predicate
14.1.1. Example: Linda is beautiful
14.1.2. Example: Linda is singing
14.1.3. Example: Linda is a writer
14.2. two-place predicate
14.2.1. Example: Linda looks different from her mother
14.2.2. Example: Linda played with Peter
14.3. three-place predicate
14.3.1. Example: Peter brought Linda a bunch of flowers.
14.3.2. Example: Linda is between Peter and Alex
15. UNIVERSE OF DISCOURSE
15.1. The particular world, be it real or imaginary that the speaker assumes when he is talking about that time
15.2. No universe of discourse is a totally fictitious world
15.2.1. Ex: Santa Claus is a fiction, but the toy telephones he might bring do actually exist