1. immediate situation of utterance
2. sense
3. 2, reference
3.1. Referring expression
3.1.1. used in an utterance to refer to something or someone
3.1.1.1. Indefinite noun phrases (a) depends on the context
3.1.1.2. depend on context
3.1.1.3. Definite noun phrases are frequently used as referring expressions, but not always
3.1.2. Opaque context
3.1.2.1. made into a complete sentence by the addition of a referring expressions
3.1.3. equative sentence
3.1.3.1. Assert identity of referents of 2 referring expressions
3.1.3.2. The order of the referring expressions can be reversed without a loss of acceptability
3.2. Predicate
3.2.1. Predicator
3.2.1.1. Make the most specific contribution to meaning of sentence (state or process)
3.2.1.2. Word (group of words) does not belong to referring expression
3.2.1.3. Predicators: adjectives, verbs, common nouns, prepositions
3.2.2. is any word ( or sequence of words) which can function as the predicator of sentence
3.2.3. Extensions
3.2.3.1. a one-place predicate: the set of all individuals to which that predicate can truthfully be applied
3.2.3.2. the set of things which can potentially be referred to by using an expression whose main element is that predicate
3.2.4. Prototype
3.2.4.1. a prototype of a predicate is an object which is held to be very typical of the kind of object which can referred to by an expression containing the predicate.
3.2.4.2. the prototype of a predicate can be thought of as the most typical member of the extension of a predicate
3.3. Universe of discourse
3.3.1. Context of an utterance
3.3.1.1. is a small subpart of the universe of discourse shared by speaker and hearer
3.3.1.2. facts about the topic of the conversation in which the utterance occurs
3.3.1.3. facts about the situation in which the conversation itself takes place
3.4. Deixis
3.4.1. Deitic word
3.4.1.1. one which takes some element of its meaning from the context or situation (i.e. the speaker, the addressee, the time and the place) of the utterance in which it is used
3.4.1.2. can be referring expressions
3.4.1.3. can be certain verbs