1. lips: they serve for creation different sounds, meinly te labial, bilabial (e.g. /p/, /b/, /m/, /hw/, and /w/ and labio-dental consont sounds (e. g. /f/ and /v/ - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus.
1.1. examples: mom and flower
2. Acostic phonetics
2.1. it studies the phisical properties of the sounds
2.1.1. Acoustic phonetics investigates time domain features such as the mean squared amplitude of a waveform, its duration, its fundamental frequency, or frequency domain features such as the frequency spectrum,
3. what is phonetics?
3.1. the study of the speech sounds tat all languagues use to represent meanings is know as phonetics.
4. Phonetics Division
4.1. auditory phonetics
4.2. articulatory phonetics
4.2.1. the study and description of the shapes of the vocal tract
4.2.1.1. The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech.
4.2.2. the speech organs
4.2.2.1. teeth: responsible for creation sounds mainly the labio-dental /e.g. /g/ and /v/ and lingua-dentañ ( /ð/ and /θ/
4.2.2.2. Uvula: it funcitons in tandem with te back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds
4.2.2.2.1. examples: arabic language uses the uvular sound
4.2.2.3. hard palate: the interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds notably /t/, /d/ and /j/.
4.2.2.3.1. examples: young, shine and measure
4.2.2.4. tongue: with its wide variety of possible movemnts, it assists in forming the sounds of speech
4.2.2.4.1. examples: lord, zipper, mother
4.2.2.5. soft palate: it should have holes forming that funciton during speech to separate the oral ccavity from the nose, in order to produce the oral speech sounds
4.2.2.5.1. examples: cat and goal
4.2.2.5.2. glottis: combination of vocal folds and space in between the folds. sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal. example is the sound /h/
4.2.3. o
4.2.3.1. not, rock, model, bottle, copy
5. e. some letteres have no sound like wrong, sign, honor, pneumonia, whole
6. phonetics charactieristcs
6.1. A. in english different letters may represent differtents sounds
6.2. examples: many, ball, apple, cake and car.
6.2.1. all /A/ are pornunced differently.
6.2.1.1. many: /Mɛni/
6.2.1.2. ball: /bol/
6.2.1.3. apple: /æpl/
6.2.1.4. cake: / keyk/
6.2.1.5. car: /kar/
6.3. it studies how the sounds are perceived by the ear
6.3.1. Auditory phonetics is a branch of phonetics concerned with the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception.
6.4. B. the English sounds consist of 25 consonant sounds and 11 vowels plus 3 diphtongs
6.4.1. There are 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y.
6.4.2. phontecis sounds: vowel sounds
6.4.2.1. [i:]
6.4.2.1.1. e, ee ea ie, ei
6.4.2.2. [i]
6.4.2.2.1. i y
6.4.2.3. [e]
6.4.2.3.1. e ea
6.4.2.4. [ei]
6.4.2.4.1. a ai, ay ei, ey ea
6.4.2.5. [æ]
6.4.2.5.1. a
6.4.2.6. [a:]
6.4.2.6.1. ar a
6.4.2.7. [ai]
6.4.2.7.1. i, ie y, uy
6.4.2.8. [au]
6.4.2.8.1. ou ow
6.4.2.9. [o]
6.4.2.10. [o:]
6.4.2.10.1. or o aw, au ought al, wa-
6.4.2.11. [oi]
6.4.2.11.1. oi, oy
6.4.2.12. [ou]
6.4.2.12.1. o oa, ow
6.4.2.13. [yu:]
6.4.2.13.1. u ew eu ue, ui
6.4.2.14. [u:]
6.4.2.14.1. u o, oo ew ue, ui ou
6.4.2.15. [u]
6.4.2.15.1. oo u ou
6.4.2.16. neutral sound [ə]
6.4.2.16.1. u, o ou a, e o, i
6.4.2.17. [ər]
6.4.2.17.1. er, ur, ir or, ar ear
6.5. c. a letter from the alphabet are different form the sound what are their differents?
6.6. d. to differenciate letters of the alphabet and the sounds represented, these symbols are used
6.6.1. //
6.7. f. one sound may be represented by a combination of letters:
6.8. diphtongs in america english
6.8.1. such as chaos, cough, elephant, thomas, should, this.
6.8.1.1. Letters are the Alphabet of language to write that1 language. There are only 26 letters in the English Alphabet But can anyone count the sounds produced by these letters or combination of letters There are only 5 vowel letters but different scholars vary in the number of vowel sounds Many say there are more than 100 vowel sounds.
6.8.1.1.1. Take the example of the vowel A Consider the sound it makes in the words
6.8.2. How many diphthongs are there in the English language? It depends on which expert you ask. Some sources cite eight, others as many as 10.
6.8.2.1. /aɪ/
6.8.2.1.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to "eye" and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /i/, /igh/, and /y. Examples: crime, like, lime
6.8.2.2. /eɪ/
6.8.2.2.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “great” and is most often used with letter combinations that include /ey/, /ay/, /ai/ and /a/. Examples: break, rain, weight
6.8.2.3. /əʊ/
6.8.2.3.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “boat” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /ow/, /oa/ and /o/. Examples: slow, moan, though
6.8.2.4. /aʊ/
6.8.2.5. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “ow!” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /ou/ and /ow/. Examples: brown, hound, now
6.8.2.6. /eə/
6.8.2.6.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “air” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /ai/, /a/, and /ea/. Examples: lair, stair, bear
6.8.2.7. /ɪə/
6.8.2.7.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “ear” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /ee/, /ie/ and /ea/. Examples: beer, near, pier
6.8.2.8. /ɔɪ/
6.8.2.8.1. This creates sounds similar to “boy” and most often occurs with letter combinations that include /oy/ and /oi/. Examples: oil, toy, coil
6.8.2.9. /ʊə/
6.8.2.9.1. This diphthong creates sounds similar to “sure” and most occurs with letter combinations that include /oo/, /ou/, /u/, and /ue/. Examples: lure, pure, fur
6.9. a phoneme is a unit of sound in speech.
6.9.1. example: /m/, /ey/, /p/, /l/