1. Natural Selection: When the fittest organisms in a population survive and reproduce.
1.1. The Gene Pool is the availability of traits in a given interbreeding population of species.
1.1.1. The genotypes is the genetic code that constitutes that phenotype.
1.1.2. The phenotypes are the actual appearance of the species traits.
1.2. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium shows the frequency of alleles that are present in a population of species.
1.2.1. Allele Frequency is the measure of a population's genetic diversity. The higher the allele frequency the greater the population consanguinity.
1.3. The three types of selections
1.3.1. Directional Selection: one extreme phenotype.
1.3.2. Diversifying/Disruptive Selection: favors both extreme prototypes.
1.3.3. Stabilizing Selection is a selective force which drives the population toward the average or median trait.
2. Descent with Modification: There are 3 origins for cell structures to develop.
2.1. The descent occurs due to adaptation. Adaptation is when an organism has certain traits which help it survive in its given environment.
2.1.1. Structural Adaptation is when the there is a body-part change.
2.1.2. Behavioral Adaptation is when the behavior of the animal changes.
2.1.3. Physiological Adaptation is when the chemicals in the organism changes.
2.2. The three origins of cell structures.
2.2.1. 1) The iron sulfide hypothesis is where small compartments made of iron sulfide bubbles were found on the ocean floor. The compartments acted like the first cell membranes after organic material was trapped inside. This led to organic materials developing and becoming more complex.
2.2.2. 2) The Lipid Membrane Hypothesis states that liposomes developed a double lipid membrane. These liposomes could then form organic material such as amino acids to separate this material from its environment.
2.2.3. 3) The Endosymbiotic Theory states that a primitive prokaryotic organism engulfed mitochondria and chloroplast. But instead of digesting it let it stay there and help to create energy in the cell. Later the mitochondria and chloroplasts were part of the cells DNA so more cells with these to structures were in other copys of the prokaryotic cell.
2.3. The 3 major Domains.
2.3.1. Archaea are all single-celled prokaryotic organisms, they can survive in extreme heat and chemically aggressive places, they are also found all over Earth in places safe for them.
2.3.2. Bacteria are all singled-celled prokaryotic organisms, they have cell membranes and cell walls made of peptidoglycan, Bacteria lack organelles and structures such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2.3.3. Eukarya are all multicellular Eukaryotas, they have organelles and structures like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2.3.3.1. Plants are Eukaryotas with chloroplasts and cell walls made of cellulose, and have organelles.
2.3.3.2. Animals are Eukaryotas with mitochondria and other organelles.
2.3.3.3. Fungus are Eukaryotas which have the organelles and cell walls.
2.3.3.4. Protists are Eukaryotas which have cell walls and organelles.
3. Evidence: Proves how evolution has changed our world.
3.1. Fossils provide evidence for organisms from history. The Geological Time Scale comes from the location in rock layers called Strata.
3.1.1. Half Life is the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.
3.1.2. Radiometric Dating is a process of determining the age of a object by the relative proportions of radioactive isotopes present in a sample.
3.1.3. Carbon Dating is a process of determining the age of a object by the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14.
3.2. Plate Tectonics create similar organisms like marine life. Ammonities, Archteryx and Triobites.
3.3. Diversification is the act of diversifying something or the act of becoming more diverse.
3.3.1. Comparative Anatomy is the study of adaptations of one organism compared to another to see how the traits may have developed differently or similarly.
3.3.2. Transitional forms are fossils or organisms that show the intermediate stages between an ancestral form and the modern form of an animal species.
3.4. Embryology also shows evolution. It is the study of embryos and their development.
3.5. Eras and Extinctions are big events of introducing new organisms or taking away old ones.
3.5.1. The Permian Extinction or the end-Permian Extinction was many extinction pulses which contributed to the greatest mass extinction in Earth's history.
3.5.2. The Cambrian Explosion was the emergence of many complex and multi cellular organisms in the water.
3.5.3. The KT extinction was a global extinction created by a meteor. The meteor and its change to the environment killed over 80% of all life on earth including the dinosaurs.
3.6. Organisms develop physical traits from evolving. These traits can be similar or different when compared to other species.
3.6.1. Some organisms have Vestigial Structures which which evolved from their ancestors. Vestigial structures are structures that had a purpose for a common ancestor but serve no purpose for the new organism.
3.6.2. Convergent Evolution is when different organisms independently evolve similar traits.
3.6.3. Divergent Evolution is when 2 organisms have the same trait because the trait was given by a common ancestor.
3.6.4. Homologous structures are the types of structures seen in convergent evolution. They are similar structures in different species.
3.6.5. Analogous Structures are structures that are similar in appearance or use but the organisms aren't related.
4. Categories: Different types of Evolution
4.1. Macro-evolution is the change of an entire class or order of organisms and gradually changes over time
4.1.1. Gradualism is also slow changes over time.
4.1.2. Mammal Evolution happened 252 to 201 million years ago. This was a result of many long evolutionary tracks. Humans have gotten taller because of the choice of sexual selection and fitness. The taller you are the more attractive you are perceived, so taller humans reproduce and pass on the tall traits until most of the human population has become much taller than what the average used to be 200 years ago.
4.2. Micro-evolution is a change in a species (ex. antibiotic resistance), it is punctuated and occurs in quick short bursts. .
4.2.1. Punctuated Equilibrium is also short bursts of evolution.
4.2.2. Diseases have developed antibiotic resistance. This comes down to natural selection. Some disease mutations had a trait or genetic code which made the disease immune to the antibiotic so the ones that survived reproduced and made more of itself until the disease as a whole was immune to the antibiotic.
5. Speciation: When a group of interbreeding organisms become a new species.
5.1. Two types of speciation are Sympatric and Allopatric.
5.1.1. Sympatric is when species evolve in the same area.
5.1.2. Allopatric is when species evolve due to geographic isolation
5.2. Prezygotic barriers are reproductive barriers which impede mating by hindering fertilization.
5.2.1. Habitat Isolation-living in different area.
5.2.2. Temporal Isolation-different species breeding at different times.
5.2.3. Behavioral Isolation is a difference of courtship rituals or mating habits.
5.2.4. Mechanical Isolation they are structurally different from one another so they can not reproduce.
5.2.5. Gametic Isolation is when the sperm and egg do not mix.
5.3. Postzygotic barriers prevent successful reproduction by making the hybrid unfit to mate.
5.3.1. Reduced Hybrid Viability- low potential for hybrid survival.
5.3.2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility- Hybrid is infertile.
5.3.3. Hybrid breakdown- when genes can operate together.
6. Mechanisms: The 6 basic processes for Evolution change.
6.1. 1) Gene flow- immigration and emigration of one species to a different population of the same species.
6.2. 2) Genetic Drift- a finite population size of species has a small part of it which is cut off from the rest. A source of micro-evolutionary change.
6.2.1. The bottleneck effect is when the majority of the population becomes extinct leaving only a small number left to survive.
6.2.2. The founder effect is when geographic isolation occurs and separates a small part of the population from the majority leaving them to survive alone.
6.3. 3) Mutations- are when a genetic code changes during reproduction. It is a source of micro-evolutionary change.
6.3.1. Beneficial mutations results in helping the organism survive and reproduce in their environment.
6.3.2. Neutral mutations have no effect on the organism. It is neither good nor bad for the organism in its area.
6.3.3. Harmful mutations are mutations that hurt the organism in its particular area. Such as a fish having gills and fins, They are good in water but put a fish on land and the mutation can be harmful.