Period 1: 1450-1648

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Period 1: 1450-1648 by Mind Map: Period 1: 1450-1648

1. Key Concept 1: Works from ancient Greece and Rome influenced how europeans view their world.

1.1. The renaissance began in northern Italy and spread throughout Europe. Scholars broke free from religious thinking of Medieval times.

1.2. Humanists focused on human beings and their dignity and broke from scholasticism and shifted to secular thinking

1.3. There was a growth of individualism: focus on personal interests.

1.4. Petrarch (1304-1374): father of humanism, Italian poet and scholar, He believed in the immense moral and practical value of the study of ancient history and literature

1.5. Printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas beyond Italy.

1.5.1. Martin Luther called for religious reform and the printing press allowed him to spread his ideas.

1.6. Visual arts prompted personal, political, and religious goals of Renaissance. Italian Renaissance artists commissioned to incorporate classical styles.

1.7. Northern Renaissance was more religious, led to more human-centered naturalism.

1.7.1. Artists such as Jan Van Eyck viewed nature for his art.

1.8. Mannerism started as criticism. Baroque began in Italy is 1570 which brought together classical traditions and religious feelings. Mannerist & Baroque artists used distortion, drama, and illusion.

1.9. New scientific ideas challenged classical views. Innovations in astronomy led to heliocentrism (Copernicus).Medical and anatomical discoveries challenged Galen (William Harvey).

2. Key Concept 5: Political centralization and the struggle for sovereignty

2.1. New political institutions were created as ideas of sovereignty and secularism spread. New centralized monarchies monopolized taxes, military force, and justice.

2.2. Edict of Nantes (1598)- gave huguenots rights

2.3. Peace of Westphalia (1648)- series of treaties among the Holy Roman Empire that ended the Thirty Years' War.

2.4. Commercial and professional groups gained economic and political power. Secular political theorists developed new concepts of state (Machiavelli).

2.5. The balance of power came into question as religion declined as a cause for war. Military technologies defined the balance of power and changed warfare.

2.6. English Civil War (1642)- erupted as a result of the Stuart monarchies efforts to make England an absolute monarchy.

3. Timeline of Important Events

3.1. 1348–1351 – The Black Death 1453 – End of the Hundred Years’ War 1455 – Printing Press invented 1492 – Columbus to New World 1517 – Protestant Reformation begins 1555 – Peace of Augsburg 1588 – Defeat of Spanish Armada 1598 – Edict of Nantes 1600 – Dutch East India Company founded 1618 – Defenestration of Prague 1643-1715 – Reign of Louis XIV in France 1648 – Treaty of Westphalia

4. Key:

4.1. Important People

4.2. Wars

4.3. Important Events

4.4. Eras

5. Key Concept 2: Religious Pluralism in Europe

5.1. The growing interest in secular ideas affected the Roman Catholic Church. Protest and Catholic Reformations dramatically changed Europe

5.1.1. Council of Trent- (1543-1563) The council was responsible for reaffirming the traditional catholic doctrine.

5.1.2. Some monarchs initiated religious reform from top down. Henry VIII wanted to have a divorce but that was against their religion.

5.1.3. Act of Supremacy (1534)- The English Parliament passed this making the king of England head of the church

5.1.4. Mary Tudor tried to restore Catholicism. Elizabeth I tried to find a middle ground and ended religious turmoil.

5.2. Christian humanism (Erasmus) used Renaissance ideas to reform religion . Thomas More wrote about Utopia. M

5.3. Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized Catholic abuses. Some Protestants viewed wealth as sign of God’s favor (Calvinists).

5.4. Catholic Reformation revived the church but cemented divisions in Christianity.

5.4.1. The French Monarchy persecuted the huguenots in order to diminish the power of the nobility

5.4.2. Habsburg rulers attempted to restore Catholic unity across Europe in the face of Ottoman expansion (Charles I, Charles V)

5.4.3. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- Catherine de' Medici ordered the massacre of the Huguenots.

5.4.4. Thirty Years' War- The war lasted from 1618 to 1648, starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy Roman Empire.

5.5. Peace of Augsburg- legal agreement allowing German rulers to determine what religion their people should follow.

6. Key Concept 4: capitalism shaped european society and everyday life.

6.1. Cities became centers of finance because of innovations in banking. Growth of commerce created new elites (Gentry in England, Nobles in France).

6.2. Capitalism- economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production.

6.3. Most Europeans practiced subsistence agriculture. Agriculture became commercialized after the price revolution (enclosures).

6.4. Western Europe adopted free peasantry, while serfdom remained in the East. Peasants revolted when landlords attempted to abolish traditional rights.

6.5. Prices of goods increased more than wages, which lowered living standards. Migrants to cities challenged urban elites. City governments regulated public morals (secular laws, codes).

6.6. Men and women worked on separate, but complementary tasks. The Renaissance & Reformation triggered debates about roles of women. Querelle Des Femmes.

6.7. Activities for leisure were communal and organized by religious and agricultural calendars. Rituals of public humiliation remained popular to enforce communal norms.

7. Key Concept 3: Age of exploration

7.1. Europeans were motivated by commercial and religious reasons to explore. European states wanted direct access to gold, spices, and luxury goods.

7.2. Mercantilist policies promoted commercial development of overseas colonies. Mercantilism- exports more than it imports

7.3. The Ottoman Empire gained control of trade routes connecting Asia to Europe.

7.4. New technologies allowed Europeans to establish overseas colonies. The portolan gave sailors info about the location of ports.

7.4.1. Navigation (compass, sternpost rudder) and military tech (horses, guns).

7.5. Europeans used coercion and negotiation to establish overseas colonies. Christianity motivated explorers and justified oppression.

7.5.1. Prince Henry the Navigator - The Portuguese wanted to establish christianity and gain access to gold, ivory and slaves.

7.6. Portuguese established colonies along African coast, Asia, and South America. Spanish became dominant with colonies in Americas, Caribbean, and Pacific. France, England, and the Netherlands established colonies in North America.

7.6.1. Treaty of Tordesillas- Spain and Portugal separated their interests along a line that divided the world through S. America.

7.7. Columbian Exchange resulted in population increase in Europe and destruction of populations in the Americas. African slave trade expanded to support plantation economies in Americas