Non-Pharmaceutical Pain Management for the Labor Process
by Toni Zappulla
1. COGNITIVE
1.1. Use the "mind"
1.2. Cognitive “the mind”
1.3. Childbirth classes
1.4. Lamaze
1.5. Doula
1.6. Hypnosis (trained professional)
1.6.1. Clarify from the client that it has been successful in a previous labor process
1.7. Biofeedback
2. SENSORY
2.1. Use the "senses"
2.2. Aromatherapy
2.3. Imagery
2.4. Music
2.5. Focal point
2.6. Subdued lighting
3. CUTANEOUS
3.1. Use the "body"
3.2. Touch
3.3. Massage
3.4. Sacral counter pressure
3.4.1. Can use a tennis ball
3.4.2. Good for back pain
3.5. Walking
3.5.1. Use critical thinking depending upon what Stage/Phase the client is in. May not be appropriate in transition
3.6. Rocking
3.7. Effleurage
3.8. Application of heat or cold
3.9. Accupressure
3.10. TENS
3.11. Hydrotherapy
3.11.1. Use critical thinking depending upon what Stage/Phase the client is in. May not be appropriate in transition
3.12. Frequent position changes
3.12.1. Hand/knees(helps with back labor, helps fetus rotate)
3.13. Gravity aids in fetal descent
3.13.1. Upright, sitting, kneeling, squatting