1. Lexical cohesion
1.1. Collocation/co-occurence
1.2. Reiteración
1.2.1. Repetition
1.2.1.1. Same item
1.2.2. Synonym
1.2.3. General item
2. Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary. Therefore, we can refer to:
2.1. Grammatical cohesion
2.1.1. • Reference: (grammatical cohesion) • Substitution and ellipsis: (grammatical cohesion) • Conjunction: (borderline between the two, being partly grammatical but with a lexical component in it) • Lexical cohesion: (fully lexical cohesion)
2.1.1.1. REFERENCE
2.1.1.1.1. There are items in every language which have the property of reference, i.e. they make reference to something else for their interpretation.
2.1.1.1.2. TYPES
2.1.2. SUBSTITUTION
2.1.2.1. Nominal
2.1.2.2. Verbal
2.1.2.3. Clausal
2.1.3. ELLIPSIS
2.1.3.1. Nominal
2.1.3.2. Verbal
2.1.3.3. Clausal
2.1.4. CONJUNCTION
2.1.4.1. Additive
2.1.4.2. Adversative
2.1.4.3. Causal
2.1.4.4. Temporal
2.1.4.5. Other discourse markers (conversational)
3. Cohesion is expressed through the stratal organization of language.
3.1. Language can be explained as a multiple coding system comprising three levels, or “strata”
3.1.1. 1) The level of semantics (meanings);
3.1.1.1. At the level of wording (the choice of words and grammatical structures), there is no clear-cut distinction between vocabulary and grammar. The guiding principle in language is that the more general meanings are expressed through grammar, while the more specific meanings through vocabulary.
3.1.2. 2) The level of lexicogrammar (forms);
3.1.3. 3) The level of phonology and graphology (expressions)