1. 2.1.U3
1.1. Life is based on carbon ccompounds inclluding carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
1.1.1. Lipids (C,H,O)
1.1.1.1. fatty acids, phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids (Triglyceride lipids include energy as fat in animals, and oils in plants)
1.1.2. Proteins (C.H,O,N)
1.1.2.1. built up of amino acids (glycine are the simplest amino acids)
1.1.2.2. Amino acids->Dipeptide->Polypeptide
1.1.3. Nucleic acids (C,H,O,N,P)
1.1.3.1. DNA, RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
1.1.4. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
1.1.4.1. Monosaccharide (Glucose Fructose, Galactose)
1.1.4.2. Disaccharide (Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose)
1.1.4.3. Polysaccharide (Glycogen, Starch, Galactogen)
2. 2.1.U4
2.1. Metabolism is the sum of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell
2.1.1. metabolism the networks of chemical reactions that occur in an organism. respiration and photosynthesis are two metabollic reactions which are vital to life
2.1.2. Enzyme is needed for catalyzed reactions
2.1.2.1. Enzyme speeds up chemical reactions
2.1.2.2. Lowers activation energy
2.1.2.2.1. AE: Energy needed to start reaction
3. 2.1. U5
3.1. anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions
3.1.1. anabolic reactions are the processes that build larger molecules from smaller ones (condensation and catabolic reactions like hydrolysis are examples of anabolic reactions)
3.1.1.1. condensation (dehydration synthesis)
3.1.1.1.1. two molecules can be formed into a larger one held by covalent bonds. Requires an enzyme catalyzer, builds up monomers to form macromolecules
4. 2.1.A1
4.1. Ureas as an example of compound that is produced by living organism but can also be artificially synthesized
4.1.1. Artificially synthesize urea
4.1.1.1. Ammonia + Carbon dioxide -> Ammonium carbonate -> Urea + Water
5. 2.1.U1
5.1. Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of chemical substances
5.2. Molecular biology is a field in biology that studies the composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules
6. 2.1. U2
6.1. carbon atoms can form 4 bonds allowing a diversity of compounds to exist
6.1.1. Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules
6.1.1.1. Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds
6.1.1.2. Makes it a versatile element
6.1.1.2.1. Chain of carbon can differ in length
6.1.1.2.2. Chain can branch out
7. 2.1.U6
7.1. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers
7.1.1. Complex to simple
7.1.1.1. Macromolecules to monomers
7.1.2. Water is needed
7.2. hydrolysis
7.2.1. Breakdown
7.2.1.1. Digestion, respiration, decomposition
7.2.2. breaks down polysaccharides polypeptides, triglycerides
7.2.2.1. Hydrolysis of starch (polysaccharide) uses water and produces many molecules of glucose
7.2.2.2. hydrolysis of proteins (polypeptide chains) uses water and produces many amino acids
7.2.2.3. hydrolysis of a triglyceride (a lipid) uses water and produces fatty acids and glycerol molecules
8. 2.1.S1
8.1. Drawing molecular diagrams of Alpha-D glucose and Beta-D glucose, D-ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid.
9. NOS falsification of theories: the artificial synthesis of urea helped to falsify vitalism
9.1. a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital force distinct from physiochemical forces and it was believed that living things possessed a vital force needed to make organic molecules hence organic compounds were thought to possess a non-physical element lacking from inorganic molecules
9.2. falsification of the vitalism theory
9.2.1. Frederick Wehler heated an organic salt (ammonium cyanate) and produced urea (a waste product of nitrogen metabolism and is eliminated by the kidneys). The artificial synthesis of urea demonstrates that organic molecules aren't fundamentally different to organic molecules)