1. case study of dynamics development
1.1. Ethiopia {LIDC Case study}
1.2. Ethiopia, country on the Horn of Africa. The country lies completely within the tropical latitudes and is relatively compact, with similar north-south and east-west dimensions. The capital is Addis Ababa (“New Flower”), located almost at the centre of the country. Ethiopia is the largest and most populated country in the Horn of Africa.
1.3. GNI per capita of $790
1.4. population is growing by 2.5%each year
1.5. HDI0.463
1.6. population -109 million
1.7. 85% of export&655of jobs are agricultural
1.8. historical civil wars
2. will trade help with Ethiopia development
2.1. ethiopia major export commodities
2.1.1. vegetable 55%
2.1.2. mineral products 20%
2.1.3. animal products 7.4%
2.1.4. precious metals 7.4%
2.1.5. textiles 3.0%
2.1.6. Animals hides 2.1%
2.1.7. machines 1.8%
2.2. trade deficit
2.2.1. imports more than it exports
2.3. Ethiopia's top 5 imports
2.3.1. aircraft
2.3.2. gas/petroleum
2.3.3. medicine
2.3.4. cars&trucks
2.3.5. telephones
2.4. what is TNC
2.4.1. trans-national company
2.4.1.1. trans= between
2.4.1.2. national=countries
2.4.1.3. companies that operate all over the world.
2.4.1.4. supplier->factory->store->headquarters
2.4.2. case study TNC in Ethiopia
2.4.2.1. siemens
2.4.2.1.1. Germany
2.4.2.2. TNCs can create jobs. Siemens recently created 200 jobs in their new electricity project in 2017.
2.4.2.3. Wages are lower in Ethiopia than in Germany. Siemens can pay workers $100 a month less than they would in an EDC like China.
2.4.2.4. Working conditions are not well-regulated in Ethiopia. TNCs can make workers work longer hours for less pay
2.4.2.5. TNCs can trigger a multiplier effect. Creating as little as 200 jobs can increase tax revenue and benefit local services as people have more money to spend in shops and leisure activities. This is turn can have more positive effects.
2.4.2.6. TNCs don’t tend to relocate highest paid jobs to LIDC. Siemens keeps the majority of its key engineers / technicians in Germany
2.4.2.7. TNC investment can lead to valuable improvements to a country. Siemens’ new solar panel project will bring electricity to over 1500 people in Ethiopia.
3. timeline of Ethiopia history
3.1. Pre 1935: 1 of only 2 African countries to avoid colonization during the colonial era.
3.2. 1935-41: - Italy invaded Ethiopia just before WW2. - They invested in railways and power stations. - British troops helped gain back their independence.
3.3. 1974: A military coup took place – they evicted the government.
3.4. 1980's: Severe drought and famine occurred.
3.5. 1974-87: - 1.4 million people died in the civil war. - The monarchywas abolished.
3.6. 1991-2001: - New government voted in - Helped farmers to afford new machinery and fertilizers
3.7. 2001 – now: - Aid from the USA. - New plans from MDGs are training farmers - Stable government
4. Ethiopia climate
4.1. Western Highlands: - Wettest region - Steep land - Average temperatures 25-25C.
4.2. Central Area: - 2 rainy seasons, 1 dry - Unreliable rain - Temperatures between 25-40C.
4.3. Eastern Lowlands: - 2 rainy seasons, 2 dry - Unreliable rain - Temperatures constantly high – 30- 40C.
5. aids
5.1. Foreign Aid is help given from one country to another.
5.2. Emergency aid
5.2.1. Money, food, goods andservices given at times of direneed
5.3. Sustainable development
5.3.1. Development that meets the needs of the people todaywithout harming the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs
5.4. Short-term aid
5.4.1. Aid that provides support for ashort time, sometimes when there is an immediate need
5.5. Food aid
5.5.1. Edible commodities donated to needy populations
5.6. Non-governmental organization
5.6.1. An independent charitable organization that provides aid
5.7. Top-down development
5.7.1. Development projects that are imposed in people from ‘above
5.8. Multilateral aid
5.8.1. Aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations, like the United Nations and the World Health Organisation
5.9. Bilateral aid
5.9.1. Aid from one country to another
5.10. Long-term aid
5.10.1. Aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes that last
5.11. Tied aid
5.11.1. Foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and service from the country giving the aid
5.12. Voluntary aid
5.12.1. Money collected from the public (and sometimes governments) by nongovernmental organisations
5.13. Bottom-up development
5.13.1. Development projects that start and work from the ‘grass-roots’ level
6. the difference between top-down and bottom-up strategies
6.1. top-down
6.1.1. Government led ideas
6.1.2. Large-scale
6.1.3. Expensive
6.1.4. High-impact
6.2. top-down
6.2.1. case study->Omo River dam
6.2.1.1. Renewable energy
6.2.1.2. It has doubled Ethiopia’s previous capacity of energy
6.2.1.3. It can export some of the energy to Kenya & Djibouti.
6.2.1.4. Also helps with floods
6.2.1.5. impacts
6.2.1.5.1. Local populations were forced out of the surrounding areas.
6.2.1.5.2. More than 200,000 people rely on the Omo River for subsistence farming.
6.2.1.5.3. Forests downstream are at risk of ‘drying out’.
6.3. bottom-up
6.3.1. Small-scale
6.3.2. Low cost
6.3.3. Supported by charities
6.3.4. Led by locals
6.4. bottom- up
6.4.1. case study ->farm africa
6.4.1.1. UK based charity
6.4.1.2. Trains farmers on how to grow more food, take care of livestock & use resources sustainably
6.4.1.3. long term aids
7. Sustainable Development:
7.1. Meeting the needs of the present, while protecting the needs of the future – socially, economically & environmentally.
8. Millennium Development Goals
9. Development gap
9.1. the difference between the most and least developed countries
9.2. cause of development gap
9.2.1. physical factors
9.2.1.1. a factor that is cause by nature not man
9.2.1.2. landlock
9.2.1.2.1. a country that is surrounded by land no sea
9.2.1.3. relief of land
9.2.1.3.1. height of land
9.2.1.4. climate
9.2.1.4.1. the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
9.2.1.5. natural hazards
9.2.1.5.1. extreme natural events
9.2.2. Human factors
9.2.2.1. trade
9.2.2.1.1. the action of buying and selling goods and services.
9.2.2.2. corruption
9.2.2.2.1. dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery
9.2.2.3. Global link
9.2.2.3.1. how other country interact with another country
9.2.2.4. colonization
9.2.2.4.1. when a country have a control of another
9.2.2.5. war
9.2.2.5.1. a state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.
10. dynamic development
10.1. The definition of development
10.1.1. the progress of a country in regards to human wellbeing and economic growth
10.2. Advanced countries[AC]
10.3. Emerging developing countries[EDC]
10.4. Low-income developing countries[LIDC]
10.5. development measurement
10.5.1. social
10.5.1.1. Birth rate
10.5.1.2. Doctors per1000
10.5.1.3. Literacy rate
10.5.1.4. infant morality rate
10.5.1.5. Death rate
10.5.1.6. life expectancy
10.5.2. economic
10.5.2.1. Gross domestic product [GDP]
10.5.2.2. GNI per capita
10.5.2.2.1. gross national income per person- the total money in the country divide the total population of the country
10.5.3. Both
10.5.3.1. human development index [HDI]
11. Poverty
11.1. poverty
11.1.1. the state of being extremely poor
11.2. absolute poverty
11.2.1. when a household income are so low that you are unable to afford the basic necessities
11.3. relative poverty
11.3.1. when you are poor in a comparison to the people around you
11.4. poverty cycle
11.4.1. a cycles of poverty when they affects the whole family's and it too complex to get out of.
12. Rostow's model
12.1. Rostow believes that development is a progression
12.1.1. THE TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
12.1.1.1. The UK before the industrial resolution
12.1.1.2. Agriculture is the most dominant industry
12.1.1.3. Shifting cultivation
12.1.1.4. vulnerable to poor weather, diseases&pests
12.1.2. Pre-Conditions for take off
12.1.2.1. surplus of products
12.1.2.2. infrastructure has improved
12.1.2.3. agriculture still dominant but has become commercial
12.1.2.4. secondary industries begin to take off
12.1.2.5. encouragement of TNC to invest
12.1.2.6. they begin to experience globalization
12.1.3. Take off
12.1.3.1. industrialization occurs
12.1.3.2. increase in wealth
12.1.3.3. TNCs often dominates the economy
12.1.3.4. divide the rural and urban
12.1.3.5. multiplier effect occurs
12.1.3.5.1. multiplier effect is when an investment lead to more positive outcomes for a country
12.1.4. The drive to maturity
12.1.4.1. becoming more self-sufficient
12.1.4.2. diverse economy and government investment
12.1.4.3. rapid urbanization
12.1.4.4. very few people work in the primary industry. Quaternary jobs being to be created due to improved education
12.1.5. High mass consumption
12.1.5.1. seen as the ultimate point to reach predominantly tertiary sector jobs consumption of high values goods such as cars and electronic increase