Timeliene

1. 1848 revolts in German cities

1.1. December 1848 Prussia's first constitution goes into force.

1.1.1. 1849-1860This is a time of political repression in Austria accompanied by final attempts (by the ministers Schwarzenberg and Bach) to restructure the Austrian Empire as a centralized modern state. Austria’s defeat in the wars of Italian unification in 1859 makes this policy politically and financially impossible.

1.1.1.1. 1854-1856 Austria isolates itself by being neutral in the Crimean war.

1.1.1.1.1. 1858 The ascension of King William I of Prussia (regent from 1858, king from 1861)