1. Progressive had+been+present participle
1.1. Duration before something in the past.
1.1.1. -They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. -She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. -Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
1.2. Cause of something in the past.
1.2.1. -Jason was tired because he had been jogging. -Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. -Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
2. Eventos uno antes de otro, pero que aún están incompletos.
3. -Completed action before something in the past.
4. -I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. -I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. -Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
5. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
6. I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis? The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. The train does not leave at 9 AM. When do we board the plane? The party starts at 8 o'clock. When does class begin tomorrow? When does the train usually leave? She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
6.1. Repeated actions Habits routines Facts or generalizations Scheduled events in near future.
6.1.1. Something is happening SÍ o SÍ.
7. He is studying to become a doctor. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. I am not reading any books right now. You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. Are you sleeping? I am sitting.I am not standing. I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight. Is he visiting his parents next weekend? Isn't he coming with us tonight?
7.1. Oingoing action happening now. Longer actions in progress now. Near future.
7.1.1. Something inconcluse or something that is changing.
8. Present perfect
8.1. Things happen before now. Experiences, changes.
8.1.1. Auxiliaries HAVE/HAS + Verb in participle form. Use NOT for negative sentences.
8.1.2. I have been in Europe 2 times.
8.1.3. We haven´t been in Spain. We have not been in Spain.
8.1.4. Have you met her mom? Has she met your mom?
8.2. Changes
8.2.1. I have moved out two times since last year.
8.3. Uncomplete actions you are expecting.
8.3.1. She hasn´t called me. The covid pandemic has not finished.
8.4. Actions in different times
8.4.1. It´s has been five hurricanes in this year in the Yucatán peninsula.
9. Past
9.1. Past actions, past habits
9.2. List of actions in the past
9.2.1. We went to my fathers house yesterday, we put the christmas tree and saw a movie.
9.3. Habits in the past
9.3.1. He played soccer and basketball when he was in the elementary school.
9.4. Duration in the past
9.4.1. Did you wait her for two hours?
10. Present
10.1. Repetition, habits or generalization
10.2. Verb in base form
10.2.1. I take my coffee at 9 am everyday
10.2.2. I don´t take coffee in the mornings I do not take coffee in the mornings
10.2.3. Do you take coffee before english class?
10.2.3.1. In questions or negative sentences use auxiliaries DO/DOES
10.2.3.1.1. With 3rd person use "S" or "ES" in the verb in positive sentence.
10.2.3.1.2. She likes her english class
10.2.3.1.3. She doesn´t likes her english class
10.2.3.1.4. Does she like her english class?
10.3. Facts or generalizations
10.4. Dog puppies are cute. Everyone likes chocolates.
10.5. Events in near future
10.5.1. I am going to take breakfast in half hour. This class ends in ten minutes.
11. Simple past or present perfect?
11.1. We use past for finished actions.
11.2. We use present perfect for past actions that continues in present time.
11.2.1. FOR and SINCE words to indicate the time in the actions starts.
12. Present simple VS. Present Progressive
13. Past perfect
13.1. Simple had+past participle
13.1.1. -Duration before something in the past.
13.2. Para narrar una historia. Orden cronológico ¿Qué sucedió primero?
13.2.1. -We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. -By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. -They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
14. Atmosphere in the future.
14.1. When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
15. Perfect simple
15.1. WILL HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE AM/IS/ARE+GOING TO HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
15.1.1. Completed action before something in the future.
15.1.1.1. By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
15.1.2. Completed Action Before Something in the Future
15.2. NO FUTURE CLAUSES I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
15.2.1. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. I will not have finished this test by 3 o'clock. Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
16. Perfect progressive
16.1. WILL HAVE BEEN+PRESENT PARTICIPLE AM/IS/ARE+GOING TO HAVE BEEN+PRESENT PARTICIPLE
16.1.1. Duration before something in the future.
16.1.1.1. I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
16.1.1.1.1. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. How long will you have been studying when you graduate? We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage. A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
16.1.1.2. Cause of something in the future
16.1.1.2.1. Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
16.1.2. Duration before something in the future.
16.2. NO FUTURE CLAUSES You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct
16.2.1. -I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. -She only understood the movie because she had read the book. -Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
17. Past Progressive was/were+present participle
17.1. Interrupted actions in the past
17.1.1. I was watching TV when she called.
17.2. Specific time as an interruption
17.2.1. I was listening to my iPOD, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
17.3. Parallel actions
17.3.1. I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
17.4. Atmosphere
17.5. Repetition and irritation with always
17.5.1. She was always coming to class late
18. Future
18.1. Simple
18.1.1. Will to express promise or voluntary action. WILL+VERB
18.1.1.1. I will send you the information when I get it. Will you help me move this heavy table? I will call you when I arrive. If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
18.1.2. "be going to" to express a plan AM/IS/ARE+GOING TO+VERB
18.1.2.1. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii. A: When are we going to meet each other tonight? B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
18.1.3. Use will or be going to, to express a prediction
18.2. Progressive
18.2.1. WILL BE+PRESENT PARTICIPLE AM/IS/ARE+GOING TO BE+PRESENT PARTICIPLE
18.2.1.1. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. John Smith is going to be the next President. The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
18.2.1.2. Interrupted action in the future.
18.2.1.2.1. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
18.2.1.3. Interrupted action in the future.
18.2.1.3.1. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
18.2.2. Parallel actions in the future.
18.2.2.1. I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.