1. photosynthesis and cellular respiration
1.1. photosynthesis
1.1.1. inputs: carbon dioxide + energy (sunlight) + water
1.1.2. outputs: oxygen + glucose
1.1.3. is the process which transforms energy from the sun into oxygen and glucose using carbon dioxide and water
1.1.4. it happens in chlorophyll. chlorophyll is found inside the chloroplast
1.2. cellular respiration
1.2.1. inputs: oxygen + glucose
1.2.2. outputs: energy (heat) +carbon dioxide + water
1.2.3. it happens inside the mitochondria. they are locates inside the cell's cytoplasm
1.3. .
2. osmosis and diffusion
2.1. diffusion: is the tendency of particles to spread out in a fluid of medium from a region of high concentration of particles to low concentration of particles until it reaches equilibrium
2.2. osmosis: the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane due to the concentration of a solute which cannot pas through the semi-permeable membrane
2.2.1. from concentration of solute is lowest to the side where the concentration of solute is the highest
2.2.2. purpose it to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the compartment
2.3. .
3. unicellular vs multicellular
3.1. unicellular: organism composed of a single cell
3.1.1. bacteria
3.1.2. yeast
3.2. multicellular: organism composed of many cells with different shapes and functions
3.2.1. fungus
3.2.2. plants
3.2.3. human beings
4. DNA, Chromosomes, Genes
4.1. DNA: molecule which contains genetic information for the proper function of cells. It forms a double helix
4.1.1. made of 4 bases:
4.1.1.1. Adenine (A)
4.1.1.2. Thymine (T)
4.1.1.3. Cytosine (C)
4.1.1.4. Guanine (G)
4.1.2. A goes with T
4.1.2.1. C goes with G
4.1.3. double helix
4.2. Gene: segment of DNA that determines a particular genetic character
4.2.1. heredity traits: eye, hair, skin colour, height, blood type
4.2.2. .
4.3. Genetic code: the genetic information is determined by the order of the various bases within the DNA strand
4.4. Chromosome: coiled up DNA
4.4.1. formed by two big strands of DNA connected at the center making an x shape called chromatid
4.4.2. humans have 23 pairs of chromosome = 46 chromosomes
4.4.3. first 22 pairs are called autosomes
4.4.4. 23 pair are called sex chromosomes
4.4.5. females= xx males= xy
4.5. karyotype: the chromosomes of an individual display from largest to smallest
4.6. Karyotype
5. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
5.1. asexual reproduction: requires the involvement of one parent
5.1.1. offspring: produce are identical to the one parent
5.1.1.1. share the same genetic material, physical and behavioural characteristics
5.2. sexual reproduction: requires the involvement of two parents male and female
5.2.1. offspring: are the biological results of sexual reproduction
5.2.1.1. they share many similarities, but each posted unique genetic makeup: combination of genes from both parents
5.2.2. gametes: reproductive cells, found within the sex organs to ensure sexual reproduction
6. cells
6.1. cells are made of organelles
6.1.1. plasma/ cell membrane
6.1.1.1. ￫surrounds the cell ￫protects its contents
6.1.2. cytoplasm
6.1.2.1. ￫jelly liquid ￫allows distribution of substances such as oxygen and nutrients
6.1.3. nucleus
6.1.3.1. ￫directs the cell's activities ￫contains DNA needed for growth and reproduction
6.1.4. vacuoles
6.1.4.1. ￫stores nutrients ￫contains waste.
6.1.5. endoplasmic reticulum
6.1.5.1. ￫folded membrane which forms networks of canals ￫allows cellular transport of substances to other organelles or outside the cell
6.1.6. mitochondria
6.1.6.1. ￫uses glucose and produces energy for the cells activities ￫helps in cellular respiration
6.1.7. chloroplast
6.1.7.1. ￫function is to perform photosynthesis ￫green pigment inside is chlorophyll which helps in photosynthesis
6.2. plant cell
6.3. animal cell
7. characteristic of living things
7.1. are made of cells
7.2. its able to exchange with its environment
7.3. requires energy
7.4. it grows and develops
7.5. it reproduces
7.6. reacts to stimuli
7.7. it evolves and adapts to its environment
8. bacteria vs virus
8.1. bacteria: unicellular microorganisms that contain DNA surrounded by a cell wall
8.1.1. nor plant or animal
8.1.2. no nucleus
8.1.3. different shapes and lenghts
8.1.4. .
8.2. antiboticss: are what is used to fight bacteria
8.2.1. stops are slows down or destroys the growth of the bacteria
8.3. virus: are microscope that consists of genetic material (DNA) which is surrounded by a protein coat known as envelope
8.3.1. not composed of cells
8.3.2. nor plant or animal
8.3.3. depends on a host cell to replicate
8.4. vaccine: substance that stimulates the immune system to produce a specific antibodies against a sickness to protect the organism
8.4.1. .
9. Haploid vs Diploid
9.1. Diploid cells: contain two sets of chromosomes
9.1.1. in humans: 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 in total
9.1.2. considered: tissue cells, muscle cells .....
9.2. Haploid cells: contains only one set of chromosomes
9.2.1. in humans: 23 chromosomes in total
9.2.2. considered: reproductive cells: sperm (male), egg (female)
9.2.3. when two reproductive cells come in contact: form a diploid cell called zygote which then grows into an organism
9.3. haploid and diploid
10. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction in Plants
10.1. can reproduce both sexually and asexually
10.2. forms of sexual reproduction in plants
10.2.1. reproduction by means of flowers
10.2.2. reproduction by means of cones
10.2.3. reproduction by means of spores