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Urinalysis by Mind Map: Urinalysis

1. Findings

1.1. Clarity

1.1.1. ranges from clear to cloudy

1.2. Odor

1.2.1. fishy smell/ammonia = UTI

1.2.2. acetone smell = presence of ketones

1.2.3. some strongly flavored foods can produce odor

1.3. Color

1.3.1. dark = dehydration

1.3.2. brown/green or strong yellow = presence of bilirubin

1.3.3. green = presence of pseudomonas infection or excretion of cytotoxins

1.3.4. bright red/red-brown = presence of blood

1.4. pH

1.4.1. normal range = pH 5 - 8

1.4.1.1. acidic urine = urinary stone

1.4.1.2. alkaline urine = UTI

1.4.2. can be affected by diet and medication

1.5. Specific Gravity

1.5.1. ranges from very diluted to very concentrated

1.5.1.1. able to identify the hydration of a person

1.5.2. normal range = 1.001 - 1.035

1.6. Blood

1.6.1. blood in urine is known as haematuria

1.6.1.1. can indicate a blood-clotting disorder

1.6.1.2. can be a side-effect of anticoagulant drugs

1.6.1.3. can be a sign of kidney disease

1.7. Leucocytes

1.7.1. leucocytes in urine is known as pyoria

1.7.1.1. can indicate UTI or severe renal problem

1.8. Bilirubin and Urobilinogen

1.8.1. RBC -> spleen -> heme -> liver -> bilirubin -> bile -> small intestine -> urobilinogen -> liver

1.8.2. presence of bilirubin in urine = liver disease

1.9. Nitrites

1.9.1. bacteria = nitrates -> nitrites

1.9.1.1. nitrites in urine = UTI

1.10. Protein

1.10.1. too large to pass through the glomerular filtration barrier

1.10.2. protein in urine is known as proteinuria

1.10.2.1. protein in urine = disease in glomerular filtration barrier, hypertension, kidney damage, or diabetes mellitus

1.11. Ketones

1.11.1. breakdown of fat = prolonged vomiting, fasting or starvation

1.11.2. blood more acidic = diabetic ketoacidosis

1.12. Glucose

1.12.1. known as glycosuria

1.12.1.1. can occur in pregnancy or patients taking corticosteroids

1.12.1.2. can indicate diabetes mellitus

2. Procedure

2.1. Physical Examination

2.1.1. 1) Collect a fresh urine sample of around 50 ml

2.1.2. 2) Observe the color, clarity, and odor of the sample

2.1.3. 3) Record the result

2.2. Chemical Examination

2.2.1. 1) Collect a fresh urine sample

2.2.2. 2) Dip the test area of dipstick in the urine specimen

2.2.3. 3) Immediately remove the stick

2.2.4. 4) Tap the edge of the strip against the side of the urine container to remove excess urine

2.2.5. 5) Place the dipstick horizontally and allow it to stand for the reaction to occur according to the length of time specified by the manufacturer

2.2.6. 6) Compare the color on the pad to the color chart

3. Materials

3.1. Chemical

3.1.1. 70% Alcohol

3.2. Apparatus and Equipment

3.2.1. Beaker

3.2.2. Centrifuge

3.2.3. Centrifuge Tube

3.2.4. Urine Dipstick

3.2.5. Plastic Pasteur Pipette/Dropper

3.2.6. pH meter

3.2.7. Urinometer (small)

3.2.8. Urine 24 Hours Container

3.2.9. Universal Urine Container

3.2.10. Calibrated Pitcher

3.2.11. Measuring Cylinder

3.2.12. Microscope

3.2.13. Microscope Glass Slides

3.2.14. Cover Slips

3.2.15. Tissue Paper

3.2.16. Glove

3.3. Biological Materials

3.3.1. 24 Hours Urine

3.3.2. Fresh Urine

3.3.3. Patient's Urine (glycosuria and proteinuria)

4. 1. Adlina Mardhiah binti Suhaimi (012020070208) 2. Dawani binti Dimyati (012020072785) 3. Nurnabila Izzah binti Md Kamal (012020071904)