50 Philosophical Concepts that You should Know

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50 Philosophical Concepts that You should Know by Mind Map: 50 Philosophical Concepts that You should Know

1. 14th idea - The devine command theory

1.1. Ethics Euthophro and Plato

1.1.1. Is something holy because it is loved by god or because it is holy because it is better?

1.1.1.1. Killing could be just because God had said so.

1.1.1.2. Otherwise, God is just the moral messenger

1.1.1.3. because god says so.

2. 16 Ends and Means

2.1. Shark story of in a balloon and coming down on a dangerous situation

2.2. Consequentialism

2.2.1. Looks at what the consequence is and whether that can be achieved.

2.3. Ontological argument

2.3.1. Right or wrong in themselves

2.3.2. Killing any innocent people is wrong and can't be justified

3. The Golden Rule 19

3.1. Segregation on the grounds of race, JFK example used.

3.2. Kant alludes to it, but says it is too simple and did not go far enough to cover the high moral questions

3.3. JS Mill - Thought that it was about Utilitarism

3.4. Prescriptionism- essential for moral judgements

3.5. What about when the masochist who follows the Golden Rule and wants to exercise it.

3.5.1. An egotist can be consistent by following their interpretation. Here is the probblem

4. 20. Acts and Omissions Doctrine

4.1. The lifeboat dilima - No easy choice when you only have two choices

4.2. Should you do something if you can, or do you have the duty to play God

4.3. Killing or allowing something to die

4.3.1. Active and Passive Euthenia

5. 24. Virtue Ethics - 2.31

5.1. Actions instead of Agents

5.2. Kant

5.2.1. Duty Based

5.3. Bentham and Mill

5.3.1. Consequentialism

5.3.2. Utalitarianism

5.4. Plato and Aristotle

5.4.1. What is the best way to live was most important, not what should be done.

5.4.1.1. Recently studied again and is known as Virtue Ethics

5.4.2. Will habitually behave in a way that is correct. This seems to be more important when you look at the decisions that we make subconsciously.

5.4.2.1. Broken up into different components

5.4.2.1.1. Intelligence

5.4.2.1.2. Courage

5.4.2.1.3. Justice

5.4.2.1.4. Temperance

5.4.2.2. All about flourishing

5.4.2.2.1. Unity of virtues How those four virtues are interconnected

6. 25. Animal Rights

6.1. Do animals feel pain?

6.2. Do what extent do animals have consciousness?

6.2.1. We don't know a whole lot about this. We don't even know if humans feel the same thing to the same stimulai

6.2.1.1. monkey and gorillas are pretty easy to understand, but what about Jellyfish?

6.2.1.2. There is a lot of anthropomorphism going on with people overlaying themselves onto animals.

7. 26. Do animals have rights

7.1. 50 millions used in experiments

7.2. What is the basis of animal rights?

7.2.1. The World is better if there is less pain

7.2.2. This is the Utilitarian Argument

7.2.3. Animals can feel pain

7.2.3.1. But jellyfish?

7.2.3.2. Pain is alright, but suffering is where the unethical behavior begins

7.3. The formula weighs on whether animal pain brings a good benefit to humans

7.4. Singer

7.5. Tom Regen

7.5.1. Some animals reach the level of "a life" and can not have their rights taken away from them in terms of testing and harvesting.

7.5.1.1. This dissolves the cost benefit of the utilitarian argument

8. Every argument needs premises, but there is nothing that is the premise of every argument

9. Empericism

9.1. A Postori

9.1.1. Coal is black

9.2. Synthetic

9.2.1. All spinsters are miserable

9.2.1.1. different concepts need to be collected to see if it is true

9.3. Contingent Truth

9.3.1. True, but may not be the same over time

9.4. They try to prove that rational ideas are based on experience. Hume on the 18 year old who is kept from all experiences. Does he understand numbers?

10. All spinsters are unmarried

11. Greek and Calacians - whether it would be ok to eat or to burn your parents. CUSTOMS IS KING OF ALL.

12. Tripartite theory of knowledge

12.1. Plato's justified true belief

12.1.1. Three parts

12.1.1.1. 1. He is true to the belief. One could not say that the moon is made of cheese is you truly disbelieve it

12.1.1.2. 2. Believes it to be true

12.1.1.3. 3. Some sort of rational belief

12.1.1.3.1. 1963. Edmond Getiur. Examples where the three conditions are met, but it is still false.

13. Plato's Cave

13.1. Book VII of The Republic

13.2. In the cave the relmn of becoming

13.2.1. Imperfect, the world we see

13.3. Relmn of being

13.3.1. Perfect, unchanging, world of forms

13.4. FORMS or IDEAS

13.4.1. The Sun - Form of the Good

13.5. The Problem with universals

13.5.1. Realists (Plato's school of thought) Nominalists (merely names, not linked to any world of forms)

13.5.2. anti-realists - set up 2,000 years ago

13.6. The returning prisoner was laughed at by fellow prisoner, which is the fate of philosophers

13.7. Condensed idea: Earthly knowledge is merely shadows

14. 21. Slippery Slopes

14.1. example: Active eunesia where this brings about guilt of the old where they will kill themselves

14.2. Justification in making policy is eclipsed by the result Z that will be horrible. What happens between A-Z is kept quiet

14.3. Example: Parents choosing the sex of their children will result in all sorts of frankenstein babies

14.3.1. It needs to be looked upon as the merits and not the rhetoric. What good can come from this.

14.4. This is new information to me, but makes sense when looking at modern television and the fear that is generated by the television capitalists

14.5. The problem is that it is assumed that there is a cause and effect - War in Vietnam would be the most infamous use.

14.5.1. Domino Theory - Narrative Fallacy

14.6. Wedges

14.6.1. Example, the right to a jury trial for difficult to understand cases should kept from the Everyman

14.6.1.1. Some see this as the thin edge of the wedge

14.6.2. Immigration, abortion, are prime examples

15. The catagorical imperative

15.1. Story of the woman who you have to lie about in order to save her life.

15.1.1. Kant would say you should tell the truth all the time and it is your duty to do this.

15.1.1.1. Hypothetical imperative

15.1.1.1.1. Obeying in fear of the consequence, "stop smoking because you don't want to ruin your health or money."

15.1.1.2. Catagorical Imperative

15.1.1.2.1. Things that should be obeyed without qualifying conditions

15.1.1.2.2. Do not kill, do not lie

15.1.1.2.3. These are considered absolute moral laws

15.1.1.2.4. act in a way that always serves humanity. This agency will be extended to other people. These may not be overriden.

15.1.1.2.5. condensed idea duty at any cost.

16. Introduction:

16.1. Philosophy is a power keg - Socrates and others

16.2. What we should do, not what we can do.

17. The Brain in a Vat

17.1. You can't be certain that you are not in a vat. There is a chance, albeit it is a small one. This is a knowledge question.

17.1.1. American Hillary Putnam was the philosopher that brought this idea in, which was an adaptation of Descarte's genie

17.1.2. The sure foundation of knowledge is starting with awareness being at least something to be sure of.

17.1.3. Skepticism - Philosophical claim is different from the popular usage. In the philosophical sense, it is to challenge claims to knowledge. A good philosopher is a skeptic.

17.1.3.1. When the skeptic becomes overly skeptical, they fall into relativism. Everything is Relative! Are you 100% sure of that?

17.1.3.1.1. Leads to evil demons and brains in a vat.

17.1.4. Epistimology

17.1.4.1. Tries to defeat skepticism

17.1.5. Condensed idea: Are you an invavated brain?

18. The veil of the world

18.1. Do we observe the outside world directly, or are we looking only a sense data?

18.2. John Locke: People are merely in closets and are getting our understanding from the outside.

18.2.1. There is a veil of perception that impedes reality.

18.2.2. Primary and Secondary qualities

18.2.2.1. Skeptics could argue a tomato could be of any color

18.2.2.2. Secondary quality is what the humans make it out to be. For example, durians smell horribly.

18.2.2.2.1. The ego-centric predictament

18.2.2.3. Primary qualities: Qualities that are indisputable such as the weight and size. These are independent of conditions in which they were observed.

18.2.2.3.1. Scientists are mostly involved with this idea

18.2.3. George Barkley was a critic

18.2.3.1. Feared that Locke would never escape from a world of representation.

18.2.3.2. The world is based on an immaterialist - To exist is to perceive - Everything is observed by God, therefore God makes everything exist.

18.2.3.3. Reality existed in the ideas themselves, not in the physical properties - The denial of the external physical world

18.2.4. Condensed Idea

18.2.4.1. What lies behind the veil?

19. Chapter 4 - I think therefore I am

19.1. Rene Descartes

19.1.1. Method of Doubt

19.1.1.1. Demon mind

19.1.1.2. Criticism - This thinking only works for me, not for everyone. It is not in the tense other than present. A bare instance of self-consciousness

19.1.1.2.1. A demon could be fooling me into thinking that there are people around me who are not really there.

19.1.1.3. Reconstructs knowledge from this starting point.

19.1.1.3.1. 1. The things we can clearly see are in fact real.

19.1.1.3.2. 2. Since we conceive of God very clearly and he is good, which means that he is not deceiving us.

20. Reason and Experience

20.1. Rationalism

20.1.1. A Priori 2+2=4

20.1.1.1. Known without experience

20.1.2. Analytic

20.1.3. Necessary Truth

20.1.3.1. Could not be otherwise in any circumstance / all possible worlds

20.2. Coherent-ism

21. The mind body problem

21.1. We are all actors in the center of our worlds

21.2. Descartes ... Dualism thoughts are not matter

21.2.1. God was the one that made the actions happen, thus making what we think happened.

21.2.1.1. Not a strong argument.

21.2.1.1.1. Occasional ism

21.2.2. Spinoza.

21.2.2.1. Property dualism

21.2.2.1.1. Relates to properties not substances.

21.2.2.1.2. Mental and physical properties . Different from Descartes dualism. Humans have different properties that interact.

21.2.2.1.3. Physicalism

21.3. 12th idea - Hume's guitine

21.3.1. is/is not; ought/ought not argument - Hume - Treatise on human nature

21.3.1.1. How can we move from a descriptor such as "is" to an ethical "ought"? Hume thinks you can not do this.

21.3.1.1.1. FACT AND VALUE ARE NOT RELATED, WHICH SUBVERTS ALL MORAL ARGUMENTS

21.3.1.2. The Naturalistic fallacy - GE Moore

21.3.1.2.1. Moral intuition - based on natural ideas.

22. What is it like to be a bat?

22.1. Nagal .... There is a subjective character of experience that is not covered by the physicalists.

22.1.1. Humans view of the world is based on our own biological tools.

22.2. Frank Jackson. What Mary didn't know......regarding color.

22.2.1. Mary knows everything about colors but is blind. I don't get this point.

23. The touring test

23.1. Artificial intelligence

23.1.1. Can machines think?

23.2. No computer has fully fooled a human

23.3. The Chinese experiment

23.3.1. A man locked in the room and responding according. Show that people are merely manipulating symbols.

23.3.1.1. The problem is that ia is not intelligence. My view is that humans are just complicated computers

23.4. Behaviorism and functionalism.

23.4.1. Mental functions are expressed and are defined by inputs and outputs

23.4.2. Functionalism

23.4.2.1. Mental states are functional states. Takes us back to the Chinese room. As much as people don't like this, I think it is how we are put together.

24. The ship of Thesius. 1:05

24.1. A good idea for old rock groups and whether they are really the same groups.

24.2. What's the original and is there such a thing? Are we previous versions of ourself?

24.3. Psychological continuity? John Locke says this is what makes us human.

24.3.1. Beam me up. What if there is a mistake in the beam and there are two of you

24.3.2. Hume . The only thing we can experience are things that only belong to us.

25. chapter 2 / 11th idea - other minds

25.1. zombie argument - how can you be sure that zombies aren't everyone.

25.2. Is behavior enough to show that we have the same consciousness?

25.2.1. argument from analogy

25.2.1.1. Bertrand Russel and the drawing of conclusions from inference. When will there be enough information to count as relevant?

26. 13th idea - One man's meat

26.1. The relativist argument is from this.

26.1.1. If everyone is for capital punishment for minors, is capital punishment OK?

26.1.2. What relativity is useful is when you look at relative perspectives, sync them, and then reform your ideas

27. The boo /horah theory

27.1. emotivism

27.1.1. Moral judgements are based on emotional feelings

27.1.2. Problem is that anything can be acceptable ---- Morality by advertising -----

27.2. Moral relativism

28. the Experience Machine 17

28.1. Robet Nossick ammerican philosopher

28.1.1. Would you plug in, what else would matter than what your life feels like? How his this even different from drug abuse.

28.1.2. Different from the vat experiment because you are looking at someone's choice.

28.1.2.1. How would this be different from living in a family where you have to pay for your college education or having someone that will pay for it yourself

28.1.3. Possible order of operations:

28.1.3.1. Would you: Go into the experience machine, use drugs, have someone else take an IB world exam for you. Having the homework machine, paying for college yourself, living like an average person.

28.2. 1:48 mark on second floor

28.3. Bentham and Utility

28.3.1. Decisions should be based on whether or not they increase or decrease human well being.

28.3.2. Utilitarianism

28.3.2.1. The greatest happiness to the greatest numbers. Rational and scientific decision making that moves away from natural rights and natural Law

28.3.2.2. Measurement should be determined by addition and substraction. Duration and intensity is all that matters. therefore the experience machine would not be worthwhile.

28.3.2.3. higher and lower pleasure - Narrow understanding of pleasure. Knowledge, honor and achievement, are no better than playing bingo.

28.3.2.3.1. Higher and lower quality makes a difference. Intellect and art is more valuable than base pleasures. brought about by Mill who didn't want bingo to be as important as high art.

28.3.2.4. Pleasure might not be enough to justify action. How do you determine what is high art? Long term effects

29. 22. Beyond the call of Duty

29.1. moral duty - What is expected of you and you are blamed if you don't do it.

29.2. There are ideals which people may strive for, but are not blamed if they do not undertake this task.

29.2.1. Saints and Heroes

29.3. Utilitarianism - An action is good if it increases utility to the maximum

29.3.1. This is a HUGE problem with how we have actions. If something is good, we should all be doing it. Where do we draw the line for obligation.

29.3.1.1. Where can you find an excuse?

29.3.1.1.1. Doctrine of Double Effect

30. 23. 2:24 - Is it bad to be unlucky

30.1. EXTREMELY INTERESTING ON MORAL LUCK - CAN BE WELL USED IN UNIT REGARDING THE SELF