1. Crim Law
1.1. Elements & Gen. Principles
1.1.1. Actus Reus
1.1.2. Mens Rea
1.1.2.1. Specific Intent Crimes (FIAT)
1.1.2.1.1. First Degree Murder
1.1.2.1.2. Inchoate Crimes
1.1.2.1.3. Assault (Intent to commit Battery)
1.1.2.1.4. Theft Offenses
1.1.2.2. Malice
1.1.2.2.1. Rule
1.1.2.2.2. Crimes
1.1.2.3. General Intent
1.1.2.3.1. Intent to Perform Unlawful Act
1.1.2.3.2. Transferred Intent Applies
1.1.2.4. MPC
1.1.2.4.1. Purposely
1.1.2.4.2. Knowingly/Willfully
1.1.2.4.3. Recklessly (Default if not stated in statute)
1.1.2.4.4. Negligently
1.1.2.4.5. Note: If not stated, Mens Rea applies for all elements.
1.1.2.5. Strict Liability
1.1.2.6. Vicarious Liability
1.1.3. Responsibility
1.1.3.1. Insanity
1.1.3.1.1. 1. M'Naghten
1.1.3.1.2. 2. Irrisistible Impulse
1.1.3.1.3. 3. MPC
1.1.3.1.4. 4. Durham Rule
1.1.3.2. Intoxication
1.1.3.2.1. Voluntary
1.1.3.2.2. Involuntary
1.1.3.3. Immaturity/Infancy
1.1.3.3.1. Common Law
1.1.3.3.2. Modern Statutes
1.1.4. Parties to a Crime
1.1.5. Causation
1.1.6. Mistake as a Defense
1.1.6.1. Mistake of Law
1.1.6.1.1. Statute governing conduct not obviouls wrong
1.1.6.1.2. negates mens rea
1.1.6.1.3. Malum Prohibitum crime
1.1.6.2. Mistake of Fact
1.1.6.2.1. complete defense under MPC if negates mens rea.
1.1.6.2.2. General Intent & Malice Crimes
1.1.6.2.3. Special Intent Crimes
1.2. Homicide
1.2.1. Common Law Homicide
1.2.1.1. Murder
1.2.1.1.1. Rule
1.2.1.1.2. Causation
1.2.1.1.3. REMEMBER: Mitigating Circumstances will reduce Murder to voluntary Manslaughter! This could be a "DEFENSE" to murder
1.2.1.2. Voluntary Manslaughter
1.2.1.2.1. Murder +
1.2.1.2.2. Mitigating Circumstances
1.2.1.3. Involuntary Manslaughter
1.2.1.3.1. 1. Unintentional Killing AND
1.2.1.3.2. A. Criminal Negligence OR
1.2.1.3.3. B. Unlawful Act + Causation of Death
1.2.2. Statutory
1.2.2.1. First Degree Murder
1.2.2.1.1. Deliberate & Pre-meditated
1.2.2.1.2. Felony-Murder
1.2.2.1.3. Specific Intent Crime
1.2.2.2. Second Degree Murder
1.2.2.2.1. Same as CL Murder
1.2.2.2.2. Malice Crime (Reckless)
1.2.2.3. Voluntary Manslaughter
1.2.2.4. Involuntary Manslaughter
1.3. Crimes Against Property
1.3.1. Larceny
1.3.1.1. 1. Trespassory
1.3.1.2. 2. Taking and
1.3.1.3. 3. Carrying Away
1.3.1.4. 4. Of the Personal Property
1.3.1.5. 5. Of Another
1.3.1.6. 6. With intent to Permanently Deprive
1.3.2. Larceny by Trick
1.3.2.1. Larceny
1.3.2.2. Accomplished by Fraud or Deceit
1.3.2.3. That results in Conversion
1.3.3. Forgery
1.3.4. Embezzlement
1.3.5. Robbery
1.3.5.1. Larceny
1.3.5.2. From Person/In Victim's presence
1.3.5.3. By Force or Intimidation
1.3.6. Extortion
1.3.7. Burglary
1.3.7.1. 1. Entering w/o permission
1.3.7.2. 2. The dwelling of another
1.3.7.3. 3. At night
1.3.7.4. 4. With intent to commit a felony inside
1.3.8. Arson
1.3.9. Possession Offenses
1.3.10. Receiving Stolen Property
1.4. Crimes Against the Person
1.4.1. Battery
1.4.2. Assault
1.4.3. Mayhem
1.4.4. Kidnapping
1.5. Inchoate Crimes
1.5.1. Merger Doctrine
1.5.1.1. CL
1.5.1.1.1. If conduct = Felony & misdemeanor, the misdemeanor merges into the felony.
1.5.1.1.2. Can be convicted of felony but not misdemeanor.
1.5.1.1.3. If of same degree, no merger.
1.5.1.1.4. Conspiracy and Attempt do not Merge
1.5.1.2. Modern Law
1.5.1.2.1. Does not apply merger doctrine to felony-misdemeanor distinction
1.5.1.2.2. Solicitation & Attempt merge into completed crime
1.5.1.3. MPC
1.5.2. Conspiracy
1.5.2.1. Common Law
1.5.2.1.1. An agreement
1.5.2.1.2. Between 2+ persons
1.5.2.1.3. To commit a crime
1.5.2.1.4. With intent to commit the crime
1.5.2.2. MPC
1.5.2.2.1. 1. Agreement between 2 People to commit a crime
1.5.2.2.2. 2. Overt Act in furtherance of conspiracy
1.5.2.3. Defenses
1.5.2.3.1. Withdrawal is not a defense
1.5.2.3.2. Factual impossibility not a defense
1.5.2.4. Scope of Conspiracy
1.5.2.4.1. Pinkerton Rule
1.5.2.4.2. Multiple Crimes, Single Conspiracy
1.5.2.4.3. Unknown Conspirators, Single Conspiracy
1.5.2.5. Withdrawal
1.5.2.5.1. Common Law
1.5.2.5.2. MPC
1.5.2.6. Termination
1.5.2.6.1. Act of concealing conspiracy not considered a part of conspiracy
1.5.2.7. Punishment
1.5.3. Attempt
1.5.3.1. Rule
1.5.3.1.1. 1. Substantial step
1.5.3.1.2. 2. Specific Intent
1.5.3.1.3. Common Law: Dangerous Proximity Test
1.5.3.1.4. If completed, attempt merges into completed crime
1.5.3.2. Factual Impossibility Not a Defense
1.5.3.3. Abandonment
1.5.3.3.1. Common Law: Can't legally abandon once substantial step taken because attempt already completed.
1.5.3.3.2. Some states recognize voluntary abandonment as a defense if D unless the purpose is to avoid detection.
1.5.3.3.3. Abandonment by D does not constitute a defense for an accomplice.
1.5.3.4. D may be charged with attempt and completed crime, but may only be convicted of one.
1.5.4. Solicitation
1.5.4.1. Rule
1.5.4.1.1. I. Enticing, encouraging, requesting or commanding another person
1.5.4.1.2. 2. to commit a crime
1.5.4.1.3. 3. with they intent they commit the crime.
1.5.4.2. CL
1.5.4.2.1. Renunciation is not a defense
1.5.4.3. MPC
1.5.4.3.1. Voluntary reununciation is a defense IF D thwarts comission of the crime.
1.5.4.4. Factual Impossibiity is not a defense.
1.6. Defenses
1.6.1. Generally
1.6.1.1. Mistake of Fact
1.6.1.1.1. Must be reasonable
1.6.1.1.2. Can be unreasonable if specific intent crime
1.6.1.2. Justifications or Excuses
1.6.2. Specific Defenses
1.6.2.1. Self-Defense
1.6.2.2. Defense of Others
1.6.2.3. Defense of Property
1.6.2.4. Arrest
1.6.2.5. Prevention of Crimes
1.6.2.6. Public Authority
1.6.2.7. Parental Authority
1.6.2.8. Duress
1.6.2.9. Necessity (natural forces)
1.6.2.10. Consent
1.6.2.11. Entrapment
1.6.2.11.1. Not a defense if D had predisposition to commit the crime
1.6.2.11.2. Subjective Approach
1.6.2.11.3. Objective approach: MPC
1.6.2.12. Alibi
2. Civil Procedure
2.1. Jurisdiction
2.1.1. Personal Jurisdiction
2.1.2. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
2.1.2.1. Federal ?
2.1.2.2. Diversity
2.1.2.2.1. Complete Diversity
2.1.2.2.2. AIC > $75K
2.1.2.3. Supplemental
2.1.2.4. Removal
2.2. Venue
2.2.1. General Rule
2.2.2. Special Provisions
2.2.3. Change of Venue
2.2.4. Forum Non Conveniens
2.2.4.1. CL Doctrine
2.2.4.2. Allows courts to dismiss
2.2.4.3. Appropriate action to enforce a forum selection clause.
2.3. Choice of Law (ERIE)
2.3.1. General
2.3.1.1. FQ: Federal Substantive, Procedural & Common Law.
2.3.1.2. DJ: State substantive law & federal procedural
2.3.2. Substance vs. Procedure
2.3.2.1. Valid Federal Statute on point when state & federal laws conflict
2.3.2.1.1. 1. Apply Federal Law
2.3.2.1.2. 2. Before applying a federal rule (not statute) court must determine the Rule is valid under the Rules Enabling Act: Does the Federal Rule Abridge, Enlarge or Modify any substantive right?
2.3.2.2. No federal rule on point
2.3.2.2.1. Apply state law if failure to do so would lead to different outcomes in state & fed court.
2.3.2.3. Substantive Law
2.3.2.3.1. Elements of a claim or defense
2.3.2.3.2. Statute of Limitations
2.3.2.3.3. Tolling Provisions
2.3.2.3.4. Burden of Proof
2.3.2.4. Procedural Law
2.3.2.4.1. Judge/Jury Allocation
2.3.2.4.2. Assessment of Attorneys Fees
2.3.2.4.3. Equitable/Legal Determination
2.3.3. Federal Common Law
2.3.3.1. FQ
2.3.3.1.1. Apply Federal CL:
2.3.3.2. DJ
2.3.3.2.1. Apply Federal CL:
2.3.4. State Conflict-of-Law Rules
2.4. Pleadings
2.4.1. Commencement of Proceedings
2.4.2. Service of Process
2.4.3. Injunctions
2.4.3.1. TRO
2.4.3.2. Preliminary Injunction
2.4.3.3. Permanent Injunction
2.4.3.4. Limitations
2.4.4. Complaint
2.4.4.1. Required Elements
2.4.4.1.1. 1.Establish SMJ
2.4.4.1.2. 2. Statement of the Claim (non conclusory)
2.4.4.1.3. 3. Demand for judgment for relief sought
2.4.4.2. Time for Filing & Service
2.4.4.2.1. Filed before service on D (generally)
2.4.4.2.2. Service must occur within 90 days of filing
2.4.4.3. Special Matters
2.4.5. Motions Against the Complaint
2.4.5.1. General Rule
2.4.5.1.1. D must respond to complaint within 21 days of service either by:
2.4.5.1.2. Failure to respond risks default
2.4.5.1.3. D must respond w
2.4.5.2. Rule 12(b)
2.4.5.2.1. 1. Lack of SMJ
2.4.5.2.2. 2. Lack of PJ
2.4.5.2.3. 3. Improper Venue
2.4.5.2.4. 4. Insufficient Process
2.4.5.2.5. 5. Insufficient service of process
2.4.5.2.6. 6. Failure to state a claim for relief
2.4.5.2.7. 7. Failure to join a necessary/indispensable party
2.4.5.3. MJOP
2.4.5.3.1. 1. Motion after answer is filed.
2.4.5.3.2. 2. Material Facts not in Dispute
2.4.5.3.3. 3. Judgment on the merits can be based on content of the pleadings.
2.4.5.4. Motion for a More Definite Statement
2.4.5.4.1. Vague and ambiguous
2.4.5.4.2. Filed before any responsive pleading
2.4.5.4.3. Vague pleading will be struck if party fails to respond within 14 days of the motion.
2.4.5.5. Motion to Strike
2.4.5.5.1. 1. Insufficient defence
2.4.5.5.2. 2. redundant
2.4.5.5.3. 3. immaterial
2.4.5.5.4. scanadlous
2.4.5.5.5. by motion or by courts own initiative
2.4.5.5.6. Party must respond with motion to strike BEFORE a responsive pleading is permited. Within 21 days after service of offending pleading.
2.4.6. Answer
2.4.6.1. If no motion under Rule 12, D must service within 21 days of summons & complaint
2.4.6.2. If D has timely waived service, she must serve answer w/in 60 days after request for a waiver.
2.4.6.3. D not required to answer while a motion is pending.
2.4.7. Reply
2.4.7.1. Reponse by P to D's Answer
2.4.7.2. Only by court order
2.4.7.3. must be served within 21 days of being served with answer, unless court order otherwise specifies.
2.4.8. Amendments
2.4.8.1. By Right
2.4.8.1.1. No reponsive pleading required
2.4.8.1.2. Reponsive pleading required
2.4.8.2. By Leave of Court
2.4.8.2.1. when justice so requires
2.4.8.3. Relation Back
2.4.8.3.1. New Claim
2.4.8.3.2. New Party
2.4.8.4. Time to Respond
2.4.9. Supplemental Pleadings
2.4.9.1. Court has discretion to permit if events occur after filing.
2.4.9.2. Does not supercede original pleading
2.5. Multiple Parties & Claims
2.5.1. Multiple Claims
2.5.1.1. Joinder
2.5.1.2. Counterclaims
2.5.1.3. Cross Claims
2.5.1.4. Impleader
2.5.2. Multiple Parties
2.5.2.1. Joinder
2.5.2.1.1. Permissive
2.5.2.1.2. Compulsory
2.5.2.2. Intervention
2.5.2.2.1. Non-Party Intervenes
2.5.2.2.2. As of Right:
2.5.2.2.3. Permissive
2.5.2.3. Interpleader
2.5.2.3.1. Diversity between Stakeholder and Claimants
2.5.2.3.2. Form of Joinder open to one who does not know which of several claimants he is liable to, if at all.
2.5.2.3.3. Regular
2.5.2.3.4. Federal Statutory Interpleader
2.5.2.4. Class Actions
2.5.2.4.1. Requirements
2.5.2.4.2. Must meet one of 3 standards
2.6. Pretrial
2.6.1. Mandatory Disclosures
2.6.1.1. Initial Disclosures
2.6.1.1.1. Time
2.6.1.1.2. General
2.6.1.2. Disclosure of Expert Testimony
2.6.1.3. Pretrial Disclosures
2.6.2. Discovery
2.6.2.1. Scope
2.6.2.1.1. Non-privileged
2.6.2.1.2. Relevant
2.6.2.1.3. Proportional
2.6.2.2. Limitations
2.6.2.2.1. Timing
2.6.2.2.2. Required Limitations
2.6.2.2.3. Trial Preparation Materials
2.6.2.2.4. Experts
2.6.2.2.5. Claims of Privilege
2.6.2.2.6. Signature Requirement & Certification
2.6.2.2.7. Court may enter protective orders for good cause
2.6.2.2.8. Party is required to supplement materially incomplete or incorrect disclosures
2.6.2.3. Rule 26: Discovery Conference
2.6.2.3.1. Requirements
2.6.2.3.2. Timing
2.6.2.3.3. Discovery Plan
2.6.2.4. Discovery Devices
2.6.2.4.1. Depositions
2.6.2.4.2. Interrogatories
2.6.2.4.3. Requests to Produce Docs
2.6.2.4.4. Requests to Inspect Land
2.6.2.4.5. Physical and Mental Exams
2.6.2.4.6. Requests for Admission
2.6.2.5. Use at Trial
2.6.2.5.1. Must comply w/ evidentiary rules to be admissible
2.6.2.5.2. Interrogatories = party admissions
2.6.2.6. Enforcement
2.6.2.6.1. Motion to compel
2.6.2.6.2. Sanctions for Failure to Comply with Court Order
2.6.2.6.3. Sanctions for Failure to Make automatic disclosures
2.6.3. Pretrial Conferences
2.6.4. Adjudication w/o Trial
2.6.4.1. Dismissal
2.6.4.1.1. Voluntary
2.6.4.1.2. Involuntary
2.6.4.2. Default
2.6.4.2.1. Court Clert must enter default when party has failed to plead or otherwise defend an action.
2.6.4.2.2. P may seek default judgment once default is entered.
2.6.4.2.3. Default judgment may be entered by Clerk if Sum Certain
2.6.4.3. Summary Judgment
2.6.4.3.1. Must be granted if no dispute of material fact
2.6.4.3.2. Movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law
2.6.4.3.3. Court must construe evidence in favor of nonmoving party
2.6.4.4. Declaratory Judgment
2.6.4.4.1. Resolution of a dispute without awarding damages
2.7. Trial
2.7.1. Jury Trial
2.7.1.1. Jury Instructions
2.7.1.1.1. Judge's duty to instruct the jury on the law that governs the verdict.
2.7.1.1.2. Erroneous Instructions
2.7.1.2. No right to jury trial for injunctions (generally)
2.7.1.3. Choice of Law
2.7.1.3.1. State law applies when motion for new trial re: excessive verdict
2.7.1.3.2. Federal law determines whether there is a right to a jury trial in diversity cases
2.7.1.4. Jury Demand and Waiver
2.7.1.4.1. Right to jury waived unless written request served within 14 days after service of last pleading directed to the issues that is sough to be tried.
2.7.1.4.2. Doesnt need to be re-iterated if demanded, then case removed from state to fed.
2.7.1.5. Jury Size
2.7.1.5.1. 6-12
2.7.1.5.2. Selected juror must participate in verdict unless dismissed for good cause.
2.7.1.6. Jury Selection
2.7.1.6.1. Voir Dire
2.7.1.6.2. 3 Peremptory Challenges
2.7.1.6.3. Unlimited challenges for cause (e.g. bias)
2.7.1.7. Jury Instructions
2.7.1.7.1. Party has the right to request specific instructions for jury.
2.7.1.7.2. Must be at close of evidence.
2.7.1.7.3. Court must inform parties of its proposed instructions and an opportunity to object on the record and out of jury's hearing before instructions & arguments delivered.
2.7.1.7.4. Appeal
2.7.1.8. Verdicts
2.7.1.8.1. Unanimous unless stipulated otherwise
2.7.1.8.2. 6 jurors unless stipulated otherwise
2.7.1.8.3. Erroneous verdicts must be raised prior to dismissal of jury. Court may:
2.7.1.8.4. Judge must poll jurors individually if a party request (or on its own merit)
2.7.2. Trial By Court
2.7.2.1. Judgment on partial findings = Motion for directed verdict
2.7.3. Consolidation Actions & Separate Trials
2.7.4. Judgment as a matter of Law
2.7.4.1. Rule 50: challenge the sufficiency of the evidence in a civil jury trial
2.7.4.2. Two stages for these challenges
2.7.4.2.1. 50(a) Motion for a directed verdict/ JML
2.7.4.2.2. 50(b) Renewed motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law (JNOV)
2.7.5. Judgment
2.7.5.1. Decree or court order that resolves parties rights and demands for relief in a manner that permits it to be appealed (FINAL)
2.7.6. Motion to Amend/Make Additional Findings
2.7.6.1. Must be made within 28 days of entry of judgment.
2.7.6.2. May be combined with motion for new trial.
2.7.7. Motion to Alter/Amend Judgment
2.7.7.1. Motion must be made within 28 days of entry of the judgment
2.7.8. Motion for New Trial
2.7.8.1. Court has discretion and may grant with respect to all or some issues, to prevent a miscarriage of justice.
2.7.8.2. Justification:
2.7.8.2.1. 1. Error @ trial that renders judgment unfair
2.7.8.2.2. 2. Newly discovered evidence that would have altered the outcome.
2.7.8.2.3. 3. Prejudicial misconduct
2.7.8.2.4. 4. Verdict against clear weight of evidence
2.7.8.2.5. 5. Verdict based on false evidence
2.7.8.2.6. 6. Inadequate/excessive verdict
2.8. Post Trial
2.8.1. Alteration Of Judgment
2.8.1.1. Court may correct clerical mistake resulting from oversight or omission
2.8.1.2. Need leave of appellate court if judgment has been appealed and docked with app court.
2.8.2. Relief from Judgment
2.8.2.1. 1. Motion filed within a reasonable time, no later than 1 year following entry for:
2.8.2.1.1. A. Mistake, inadvertence, suprise or neglect;
2.8.2.1.2. B. Newly discovered evidence that could not have been discovered earlier w/ reasonable diligence;
2.8.2.1.3. C. Fraud, misrepresentation or misconduct by opposing party OR
2.8.2.2. 2. Within reasonable time, if judgment is VOID. judgment has been satisfied, released or discharged, no longer equitable etc. RELIEF.
2.8.2.3. Court has equitable jurisdiction
2.8.2.4. May provide appropriate relief based on evidence (not limited to pleadings)
2.8.3. Appeals
2.8.3.1. Timing
2.8.3.1.1. 30 days after entry of judgment or order
2.8.3.1.2. 60 days if party is US / agent
2.8.3.2. Final Judgment Rule
2.8.3.3. Interlocutory Orders
2.8.3.3.1. Not Immediately Appealable
2.8.3.3.2. Immediately Appealable
2.8.3.4. Collateral-Order Doctrine
2.8.3.4.1. Appellate court hhas discretion to hear and rule on district court order if:
2.8.3.5. Mandamus Review
2.8.3.5.1. App can immediately review abuse of trial ct authority.
2.8.3.5.2. 1. Error of Law
2.8.3.5.3. 2. No other adequate means of obtaining desired relief
2.8.3.5.4. 3. Right to relief is clear and indisputable
2.8.3.6. Class Action Certification
2.8.3.6.1. Appellate court has discretion
2.8.3.6.2. Must be filed within 14 days after order.
2.8.3.6.3. Granting or denial of class action cert.
2.8.3.7. Standards of Review
2.8.3.7.1. Trial Courts Factual Findings = Clearly Erroneous
2.8.3.7.2. Legal Rulings = De Novo
2.8.3.7.3. Discretionary Rulings = Abuse of Discretion
2.8.3.7.4. To set aside jury verdict =
2.8.4. Full Faith & Credit
2.8.5. Claim Preclusion (Res Judicata)
2.8.5.1. 1. Valid Final Judgment on the Merits
2.8.5.2. 2. Sufficiently identical claims
2.8.5.2.1. Claim arises out of same TOO.
2.8.5.3. 3. Sufficiently identical parties
2.8.6. Issue Preclusion (Collateral Estoppel)
2.8.6.1. Requirements
2.8.6.1.1. 1. Same issue
2.8.6.1.2. 2. Actually litigated
2.8.6.1.3. 3. Final, valid judgment
2.8.6.1.4. 4. Essential to Judgment.
2.8.6.2. "offensive" us okay
2.8.6.3. Criminal Prosecution
3. Property
3.1. Titles
3.1.1. Adverse Posession
3.1.1.1. Continuous
3.1.1.1.1. uninterrupted for duration provided by statute
3.1.1.1.2. Seasonal or infrequent may be okay if consistent with use for type of property
3.1.1.1.3. Tacking
3.1.1.2. Actual, Open & Notorious
3.1.1.3. Hostile
3.1.1.3.1. without owner's permission
3.1.1.4. Exclusive
3.1.1.4.1. posession cannot be shared with the true owner
3.1.1.5. Scope
3.1.1.5.1. Constructive Adverse Posession under Color of Title
3.1.1.5.2. AP entitled to subsurface rights unless they belong to 3P
3.1.1.5.3. AP period does not run against future interest created from a FSA estate after teh AP has begun
3.1.2. Delivery & Recording of a Deed
3.1.2.1. Intent to Transfer (Delivery)
3.1.2.1.1. Grantor must intend to make a present transfer or property to the grantee.
3.1.2.1.2. Interest itself may be a future interest! Be careful!
3.1.2.1.3. Retention of Deed by grantor
3.1.2.1.4. Transfer of the deed to grantee
3.1.2.1.5. Transfer to 3P
3.1.2.1.6. Acceptance
3.1.2.2. The Deed
3.1.2.2.1. Drafting, review & negotiation
3.1.2.2.2. Contents of the Deed
3.1.2.3. Recording Acts
3.1.2.3.1. Types of statutes
3.1.2.3.2. Paid value
3.1.2.3.3. Notice
3.1.2.3.4. Priorities
3.1.2.3.5. Rule Application
3.1.2.3.6. Chain of Title Problems
3.1.2.3.7. Interests aquired adverseley
3.1.2.4. Types of Deeds
3.1.2.4.1. General Warranty
3.1.2.4.2. Special Warranty deed
3.1.2.4.3. Quitclaim Deed
3.1.3. Conveyance by Will, Trust or I.S.
3.1.3.1. Conveyance by Will & Intestate Succession
3.1.3.1.1. Ademption
3.1.3.1.2. Lapse & Anti-Lapse
3.1.3.1.3. Exoneration of Liens
3.1.3.2. Conveyance by Trust
3.1.3.2.1. Private Trusts
3.1.3.2.2. Charitable Trusts
3.1.4. Restraints on Alienation
3.1.4.1. Retraint on Legal Intersts
3.1.4.1.1. Forms of Restraint
3.1.4.1.2. Prohibited Restraints
3.1.4.1.3. Permissible Restraints
3.1.4.2. Restraints on Equitable Intersts
3.2. Mortgages & Security Interests
3.2.1. Mortgages
3.2.1.1. Lien Theory vs. Title Theory
3.2.1.1.1. Effect on Joint Tenancy
3.2.2. Mortgage Alternatives
3.2.2.1. Deed of Trust
3.2.2.2. Installment Land K
3.2.2.3. Absolute Deed
3.2.2.3.1. Evidentiary issues
3.2.2.3.2. Grantee's sale to a bona fide purchaser
3.2.2.4. Conditional Sale & Repurchase
3.2.3. Transfer
3.2.3.1. By the Mortgagor
3.2.3.1.1. Mortgagor's Liability
3.2.3.1.2. Transferee's liability
3.2.3.2. By the Mortgagee
3.2.3.2.1. Proper Party to pay
3.2.3.2.2. Method of transfer
3.2.3.2.3. Transfer of mortgage and note
3.2.4. Pre-Foreclosure Rights & Duties
3.2.4.1. Mortgagee's Right to Posession
3.2.4.2. Waste
3.2.4.3. Equity of Redemption
3.2.4.3.1. Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure
3.2.4.3.2. Clogging the Equity of Redemption
3.2.4.3.3. Redemption by others
3.2.5. Foreclosure
3.2.5.1. Methods
3.2.5.1.1. Acceleration clause
3.2.5.1.2. notice of foreclosure
3.2.5.1.3. Foreclosure methods
3.2.5.1.4. Timing
3.2.5.2. Priority of Intersts
3.2.5.2.1. PMSI exception
3.2.5.2.2. Recording Act exception
3.2.5.2.3. Subordination agreement between mortgagees
3.2.5.2.4. Mortgage mdifications and replacements
3.2.5.2.5. future-advance mortgages
3.2.5.2.6. After-aquired property
3.2.5.3. Effect on Various Parties
3.2.5.3.1. Mortgagor
3.2.5.3.2. Purchaser of property
3.2.5.3.3. Senior Interest
3.2.5.3.4. Junion Intersts
3.2.5.4. Distribution of Proceeds
3.2.5.4.1. Generally
3.2.5.4.2. Improvement to mortgaged property
3.2.5.5. Deficiency
3.2.5.6. Subrogation
3.2.5.6.1. Amount Paid
3.2.5.7. Defenses
3.2.5.7.1. Transferee who assumes a mortgage
3.2.5.7.2. Transferor's right to raise the transferee's defenses
3.2.6. Discharge
3.2.6.1. Mortgagor's Right of Prepayment
3.2.6.2. Merger
3.3. Disputes about Land Use
3.3.1. Easements
3.3.1.1. Classifications
3.3.1.1.1. Appurtenant
3.3.1.1.2. In Gross
3.3.1.1.3. Affirmative
3.3.1.1.4. Negative
3.3.1.2. Creation
3.3.1.2.1. Express Easements
3.3.1.2.2. Easements by Necessity
3.3.1.2.3. Easements by Implication
3.3.1.2.4. Easements by Prescription
3.3.1.2.5. Easements by Estoppel
3.3.1.3. Transfer
3.3.1.3.1. Easement Appurtenant
3.3.1.3.2. Easement in gross
3.3.1.4. Scope
3.3.1.4.1. Express Easements
3.3.1.4.2. Easement by necessity - the necessity bit dummy.
3.3.1.5. Termination
3.3.1.5.1. Released in a writing
3.3.1.5.2. Merger
3.3.1.5.3. Severance
3.3.1.5.4. Abandonment
3.3.1.5.5. End of Necessity, destruction of related struction, and condemnation of estate
3.3.1.5.6. Prescription
3.3.1.5.7. Estoppel
3.3.1.5.8. Sale to BFP
3.3.1.6. Duty to Maintain
3.3.1.7. Profit
3.3.1.7.1. Nonpossesory right to enter another's land and remove specific natural resources.
3.3.1.7.2. Exclusive rights cannot be transferred.
3.3.1.8. License
3.3.1.8.1. General Rule
3.3.1.8.2. Freely Revocable unless:
3.3.1.8.3. Termination
3.3.1.8.4. During a life estate tenancy, the remainderman has an irrevocable license to enter the land and inspect ofr waste.
3.3.2. Covenants Running with the Land
3.3.2.1. Real Covenants
3.3.2.2. Equitable Servitudes
3.3.2.3. Transfer
3.3.2.4. Termination
3.3.2.5. Common-Interest Ownership Communities
3.3.2.5.1. Generally
3.3.2.5.2. Types
3.3.2.5.3. Governance
3.3.2.5.4. Powers of the Community
3.3.2.5.5. Duties Associated with the Community
3.3.3. Fixtures
3.3.4. Zoning
3.3.4.1. Rational Basis Test
3.3.4.2. Existing Nonconforming Property
3.3.4.2.1. Owners rights vest w/ necessary permits
3.3.4.2.2. Zoning Estoppel
3.3.5. Nuisance
3.3.6. Water, Air & Support Rights
3.4. Landlord Tenant
3.5. Ownership
3.5.1. Present Estates
3.5.2. Future Interests
3.5.3. Concurrent Estates
3.5.3.1. Tenancy in Common
3.5.3.2. Joint Tenancy
3.5.3.2.1. 4 Unities: T-TIP
3.5.3.2.2. Explicit Right of Survivorship
3.5.3.2.3. Severance
3.5.3.3. Tenancy By the Entirety
3.5.3.4. Rights and Obligations
3.6. Contracts for Sale of Land
4. Crim Pro
4.1. 4th Amendment: Arrest, Search & Seizure
4.1.1. General Principles
4.1.1.1. Standing
4.1.1.2. The Exclusionary Rule
4.1.1.2.1. Applies to criminal trials
4.1.1.2.2. Does not apply to civil proceedings
4.1.1.2.3. Does not apply in other court proceedings, including:
4.1.1.3. Standard of Review
4.1.1.3.1. Judge resolves suppresion issues raised by pretrail motion to suppress
4.1.1.3.2. Judge's rulings reviewed de novo on appeal.
4.1.1.3.3. Factual findings are only reviewed for CLEAR ERROR
4.1.1.4. Threshold of Governmental Action
4.1.1.4.1. Is the private person acting as an "instrument or agent of the government?"
4.1.1.4.2. No constitutional violation UNLESS reasonable expectation of privacy + invalid, warrantless search.
4.1.1.4.3. Exam Tip: Remember 4A only applies to searches & seizures conducted by POLICE or someone acting under POLICE DIRECTION.
4.1.1.5. Grand Jury Subpoena
4.1.1.6. Boarder Rights Possible under state Constitution
4.1.1.6.1. 4, 5 & 6 may not restrict state government, BUT state con law may.
4.1.2. Arrest: Unreasonable Search of Persons
4.1.2.1. Seizure: Objective Test
4.1.2.1.1. officer physically touches
4.1.2.1.2. person submits to show of authority
4.1.2.1.3. "A reasonable innocent person would believe he was not free to leave"
4.1.2.1.4. Intentional Detention
4.1.2.2. Stop and Frisk
4.1.2.2.1. A temporary detention for the purpose of a criminal investigation = a STOP
4.1.2.2.2. A stop = a seizure, but not an arrest.
4.1.2.2.3. Test:
4.1.2.3. Arrest Warrants
4.1.2.3.1. Requirements
4.1.2.3.2. Entry into Home:
4.1.2.4. Warrantless Arrests
4.1.2.4.1. No warrant required in a public place
4.1.2.4.2. Crime committed in the presence of arresting party
4.1.2.4.3. Police have probable cause that someone committed a felony
4.1.2.4.4. Misdemeanor (only punishable by fine) arrest w/o a warrant is not an unreasonable seizure under the 4A.
4.1.2.4.5. Effect of invalid arrest
4.1.3. Search & Seizure
4.1.3.1. Governmental Action
4.1.3.1.1. Police may not circumvent 4A by intentionally enlisting private individuals to conduct a search of a suspect or areas in which they have reasonable expectation of privacy.
4.1.3.2. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
4.1.3.2.1. Only unreasonable searches and seizures are subject to 4A protections
4.1.3.2.2. An unreasonable search occurs when
4.1.3.2.3. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy by Location
4.1.3.2.4. Objects Sought
4.1.3.2.5. Persons & Their Attributes
4.1.3.2.6. Methods Used to Search
4.1.3.3. Warrant Requirements
4.1.3.3.1. Probable Cause
4.1.3.3.2. Particularity
4.1.3.3.3. Anticipatory Warrant
4.1.3.3.4. 3P premises
4.1.3.3.5. Execution
4.1.3.4. Warrant Requirement Exceptions
4.1.3.4.1. Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
4.1.3.4.2. Exigent Circumstances
4.1.3.4.3. Stop and Frisk
4.1.3.4.4. Auto Exception
4.1.3.4.5. Plain View Doctrine
4.1.3.4.6. Consent searches
4.1.3.4.7. Admin, Special Needs & Inventory Searches
4.1.3.4.8. Wiretapping
4.1.3.5. Standing
4.1.3.5.1. D must show a legitimate expectation of privacy
4.1.3.5.2. May have to admit incriminating facts
4.1.3.5.3. Cannot be admitted into evidence at trial
4.1.3.6. Exclusionary Rule
4.1.3.6.1. Evidence obtained in violation of 4A, 5A or 6A rights may not be introduced at trial to prove guilt.
4.1.3.6.2. Evidence seized during an unlawful search cannot constitute proof against the victim of the search.
4.1.3.6.3. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
4.1.3.6.4. Exceptions: Does it Come in?
4.1.3.6.5. Appellate court can refuse to order a new trial if wrongfully admitted evidence was HARMLESS ERROR
4.1.3.6.6. Hearing on exclusionary rule must be held outside the presence of the jury
4.1.3.6.7. Obtaining Evidence by Methods that shock the conscience = inadmissible
4.2. 5th Amendment: Rights & Privileges
4.2.1. The Privilege Against Compulsory Self-Incrimination
4.2.1.1. Applies to witness in any proceeding
4.2.1.2. Civil or criminal
4.2.1.3. Reasonable possibility of future incrimination
4.2.2. Police Interrogation Context
4.2.2.1. Custodial Interrogaion
4.2.2.1.1. Any incriminating statement obtained as the result of custodial interrogation may not be used against the suspect at a subsequent trial UNLESS D was mirandized.
4.2.2.1.2. Incriminating statement = any inculpatory statements
4.2.2.1.3. Custody = A substantial seizure.
4.2.2.1.4. Is it Custodial?
4.2.2.1.5. Interrogation
4.2.2.2. Compliance
4.2.2.2.1. Once custodial interrogation begins, anything the defendant says in inadmissible until the defendant is informed of Miranda rights AND waives those rights.
4.2.2.2.2. Content of Warnings
4.2.2.2.3. Timing
4.2.2.2.4. Right to Counsel Expressly and explicitly invoked
4.2.2.2.5. Right to silence invoked
4.2.2.3. Exceptions
4.2.2.3.1. Public Safety
4.2.2.3.2. Routine Booking Questions
4.2.2.3.3. Undercover police
4.2.2.4. Waiver
4.2.2.4.1. D may knowingly and voluntarily waive Miranda Rights
4.2.2.5. Use of Statements taken in violation of Miranda
4.2.2.5.1. The failure to give Miranda warnings is not a violation UNTIL a statement obtained without the use of warnings is used at trial
4.2.2.5.2. May be used for impeachment purposes if:
4.2.2.5.3. Post-arrest silence may not be used for impeachment or substantive purposes
4.2.2.5.4. Involuntary confessions cannot be used substantively or for impeachment purposes
4.2.2.5.5. Harmless error test for coerced confession that is admitted into evidence
4.2.3. Fruits of a Non-Mirandized Confession
4.2.3.1. Physical Evidence
4.2.3.1.1. Admissible so long as confession was not coerced
4.2.3.2. Second Confession
4.2.4. 5A in the Trial Context
4.2.4.1. Scope of Privilege
4.2.4.1.1. D may refuse to testify at trial
4.2.4.1.2. D may refuse to answer questions in other proceedings when the answers might incriminate him future proceedings
4.2.4.2. Voluntariness
4.2.4.2.1. Admissions made during court-ordered psych exams
4.2.4.3. Immunity
4.2.4.3.1. Prosecution may compel incriminating testimony if it grants immunity to the individual and the individual must testify
4.2.4.3.2. Cannot be used against D directly or indirectly in subsequent prosecution
4.2.4.3.3. Transactional Immunity
4.2.4.3.4. Use and Derivative-Use Immunity
4.2.4.3.5. Federal & State Immunity
4.2.4.4. Prosecutor may not comment on D's exercise of privilege against self-incrimination at trial
4.3. 6A Right to Counsel
4.3.1. Right to Counsel
4.3.1.1. 6A right to counsel in any case in which D is sentenced to incarceration, even if sentence is suspended
4.3.1.2. Applicable Stages
4.3.1.2.1. Critical stages
4.3.1.2.2. Noncritical stages
4.3.1.2.3. Automatically attaches
4.3.1.3. Indigent Defendant's have the right to appointment of counse when the right exists
4.3.1.4. A defendant who is able to afford a lawyer is entitled to the counsel of his own choosing.
4.3.1.5. D may waive right to counsel if waiver is:
4.3.1.5.1. Voluntary
4.3.1.5.2. Knowing & Intelligent
4.3.1.5.3. Subsequent waivers pursuant to Edwards & Montejo
4.3.1.5.4. Right to Proceed Pro Se
4.3.1.6. Police may withold contact with attorney so long as 6A right to attorney has not yet attached.
4.3.2. Offense-Specific
4.3.2.1. Blockburger test
4.3.2.2. Compare to Miranda
4.3.3. Remedies for Denial of Counsel
4.3.3.1. Effect on Conviction
4.3.3.2. Effect on Guilty Plea
4.3.3.3. Effect on Denial of Counsel at Nontrial Proceedings
4.3.3.4. Admissibility of a Defendant's Statements to Informants
4.3.3.5. Exclusionary Rule under 6A
4.3.3.5.1. Fruits Doctrine
4.3.3.5.2. Impeachment
4.3.4. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
4.3.4.1. Standard of Competence
4.3.4.2. Conflict of Interest
4.3.4.3. Communication of Formal Plea Offer
4.4. Pretrial Procedures
4.4.1. Eyewitness ID Procedures
4.4.2. Preliminary Proceedings
4.4.3. Right to Bail
4.4.4. Competency
4.4.5. Grand Juries
4.4.6. State's Duty to Disclose
4.5. Trial
4.5.1. Jury Trial
4.5.2. Guilty Pleas
4.5.3. Speedy Trial
4.5.4. Public Trial
4.5.5. Fair Trial
4.5.6. Right to Confrontation
4.5.7. Due Process
4.5.8. Sentencing
4.5.9. Cruel & Unusual Punishment
4.6. Post-Trial Considerations
4.6.1. 5A: Double Jeopardy
4.6.1.1. Applies to Fed. Govt & states via DP clause of 14A.
4.6.1.2. Protection Against 2nd prosectuion for same offense after acquittal or conviction.
4.6.1.2.1. Blockburger Test: "Same Offense"
4.6.1.3. Protection against multiple punishments for same offense.
4.6.2. Appeal
4.6.3. Convictions
5. Constitutional Law
5.1. Federal Powers
5.1.1. Art I. Legislative Power
5.1.1.1. Commerce
5.1.1.1.1. General Rule
5.1.1.1.2. Aggregation
5.1.1.1.3. Non-Economic Activity
5.1.1.2. Taxation & Spending
5.1.1.2.1. Hint: look out for Appropriation/authorization bill
5.1.1.2.2. Taxing
5.1.1.2.3. Spending
5.1.1.3. War & Defense
5.1.1.3.1. Providing for the National Defense
5.1.1.3.2. National Guard Control
5.1.1.4. Investigatory
5.1.1.4.1. Necessary & Proper Clause gives Congress broad authority to investigate
5.1.1.4.2. Incident to legislative power
5.1.1.5. Property
5.1.1.5.1. Congress can dispose of & regulate US property however it wants.
5.1.1.5.2. Under 5A, may only TAKE private property for public use w/ just compensation.
5.1.1.6. Postal
5.1.1.7. Aliens & Citizenship
5.1.1.7.1. Congress cannot revoke valid citizenship w/o consent under 14A.
5.1.1.8. Other
5.1.1.8.1. Intellectual Property
5.1.1.8.2. DC
5.1.1.8.3. Elections Clause
5.1.1.8.4. Necessary & Proper Clause
5.1.1.8.5. Enforcement of Civil War Amendments
5.1.2. Art II. Exec Power
5.1.2.1. Domestic Power
5.1.2.1.1. Pardon Power
5.1.2.1.2. Veto
5.1.2.1.3. Appointment & Removal
5.1.2.1.4. Authority as Chief Exec
5.1.2.1.5. Faithfully execute laws
5.1.2.2. Foreign Affairs
5.1.2.2.1. Commander in Chief
5.1.2.2.2. Treaties
5.1.2.2.3. Exec Agreements
5.1.2.2.4. International Affairs
5.1.3. Art. III. Judicial Power
5.1.3.1. Scope
5.1.3.1.1. Cases & Controversies
5.1.3.1.2. Judicial Review
5.1.3.2. Jurisdiction
5.1.3.2.1. Original
5.1.3.2.2. Appellate
5.1.3.2.3. How to Establish
5.1.3.2.4. Limitations
5.1.3.2.5. AISG
5.1.3.3. Judicial Review
5.1.3.3.1. Standing
5.1.3.3.2. Timeliness
5.1.3.3.3. Justiciability
5.1.3.3.4. Abstention
5.1.4. Interbranch Relationships
5.1.4.1. Congressional Limits on Executive
5.1.4.2. Delegation of Legislative POwer
5.1.4.3. Judicial Limitation of Congressional Power
5.1.4.4. Privileges & Immunities
5.1.4.4.1. Legislative
5.1.4.4.2. Executive
5.1.4.4.3. Judicial
5.2. Individual Rights
5.2.1. State Action
5.2.1.1. Traditional Governmental Function
5.2.1.2. Significant State Involvement
5.2.1.3. Not state actions
5.2.1.3.1. Biz w/ gov't contract
5.2.1.3.2. Nursing homes that accept medicaid
5.2.1.3.3. private schools that receive gov't funds
5.2.1.3.4. Congressional grants of a corporate charter
5.2.2. Procedural Due Process
5.2.2.1. Generally
5.2.2.1.1. 5th Amendment
5.2.2.1.2. 14th Amendment
5.2.2.2. Questions to Ask:
5.2.2.2.1. 1. Is the threatened interest protected by the Constitution??
5.2.2.2.2. 2. If so, what process is due?
5.2.2.2.3. 3. What is the government interest?
5.2.2.3. Requirements
5.2.2.3.1. Fundamental Fairness Requires:
5.2.2.3.2. Neutral decision Maker
5.2.2.3.3. Intentional Government Action
5.2.3. Substantive Due Process
5.2.3.1. Standards of Review
5.2.3.1.1. Fundamental Right = Strict Scrutiny
5.2.3.1.2. Non-Fundamental Right = Rational Basis
5.2.3.2. Fundamental Rights
5.2.3.2.1. 1. Interstate Travel
5.2.3.2.2. 2. Voting & Ballot Access
5.2.3.2.3. 3. Privacy
5.2.3.2.4. 4. Second Amendment
5.2.4. Equal Protection
5.2.4.1. State Action
5.2.4.1.1. 14A
5.2.4.1.2. 5A protects rights guaranteed by EP Clause of 14A.
5.2.4.2. Standards of Review
5.2.4.2.1. Strict Scrutiny
5.2.4.2.2. Intermediate Scrutiny
5.2.4.2.3. Rational Basis
5.2.4.3. Discriminatory Intent Requirement
5.2.4.3.1. 1. Facially Discriminatory
5.2.4.3.2. 2. Discriminatory Application
5.2.4.3.3. 3. Discriminatory Motive
5.2.4.4. Suspect Classes
5.2.4.4.1. Race, Ethnicity, National Origin
5.2.4.4.2. Alienage
5.2.4.5. Quasi-Sus
5.2.4.5.1. Gender
5.2.4.5.2. Legitimacy
5.2.4.6. Non-Sus
5.2.4.6.1. 1. Age
5.2.4.6.2. 2. Poverty
5.2.4.6.3. 3. Sexual Orientation
5.2.4.7. Fundamental Rights Unique to Equal Protection
5.2.4.7.1. One Person One Vote
5.2.4.7.2. Gerrymandering
5.2.5. Privileges & Immunities Clauses
5.2.5.1. Art. IV: The Comity Clause
5.2.5.1.1. 1. Prohibits Discrimination Against Out-of-State individuals w/o substantial justification
5.2.5.1.2. 2. Protects Fundamental Rights & Essential Activites (employment, transfer of property, etc).
5.2.5.1.3. Exception: Substantial Justification
5.2.5.2. 14A: National Citizenship
5.2.6. Takings Clause
5.2.6.1. Property Interest
5.2.6.2. Types of Takings
5.2.6.3. Just Compenation
5.2.6.4. Manner of Taking
5.2.7. Prohibited Legislation
5.2.7.1. Bills of Attainder
5.2.7.2. Ex Post Facto Laws
5.2.7.3. Obligation of Contracts
5.2.8. Freedom of Religion
5.2.8.1. Establishment
5.2.8.1.1. Standard of Review: Lemon Test
5.2.8.1.2. Financial Aid
5.2.8.1.3. Public School Activities
5.2.8.1.4. Access to Public Facilities by Religious Groups
5.2.8.1.5. Religious Displays
5.2.8.1.6. Holiday Displays
5.2.8.2. Free Exercise
5.2.8.2.1. Religious Belief
5.2.8.2.2. Religious Conduct
5.2.8.3. Ministerial Exception
5.2.9. Freedom of Expression & Association
5.2.9.1. Regulation of Speech
5.2.9.1.1. Expressive Conduct
5.2.9.1.2. Overbreadth
5.2.9.1.3. Vagueness
5.2.9.1.4. Prior Restraints
5.2.9.1.5. Unfettered Discretion Not Okay
5.2.9.1.6. Freedom not to speak
5.2.9.1.7. Government Speech is not subject to free speech constraints. Subject to Establishment clause.
5.2.9.1.8. Campaign Related Speech
5.2.9.2. Time, Place & Manner
5.2.9.2.1. Public Forums
5.2.9.2.2. Nonpublic Forum
5.2.9.3. Reg. of Content
5.2.9.3.1. Standard
5.2.9.3.2. Exceptions
5.2.9.4. Reg. of Media
5.2.9.4.1. Gag orders
5.2.9.4.2. No const. privilege to protect sources
5.2.9.4.3. Illegally obtained & private info
5.2.9.4.4. Attending Trials
5.3. The Federal System
5.3.1. 10A = Enumerated Powers. All else reserved to the states & people. All gov't action must be supported by source of power originating in Constitution.
5.3.2. Federal & State Powers
5.3.2.1. Exclusive Federal Powers
5.3.2.2. Exclusive State Powers
5.3.2.2.1. The 10th Amendment
5.3.2.3. The Supremacy Clause
5.3.3. Intergovernmental Immunities
5.3.3.1. Federal Immunity
5.3.3.1.1. Regulation or Taxation by States
5.3.3.2. State Immunity
5.3.3.2.1. Federal Regulation
5.3.3.2.2. Federal Taxation
5.3.3.2.3. Litigation Involving US & Officers
5.3.4. State Regulation and Taxation of Commerce
5.3.4.1. Art. IV: The Comity Clause
5.3.4.1.1. "The citizens of each state shall be entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states"
5.3.4.1.2. Prohibits State Discrimination Against Non-Residents
5.3.4.1.3. Rights Protected
5.3.4.1.4. Exception: Substantial Justification
5.3.4.2. The Dormant Commerce Clause
5.3.4.2.1. 1. Congress has not enacted legislation in particular area of interestate commerce.
5.3.4.2.2. 2. State/local action does not:
5.3.4.3. State Taxation of Commerce
5.3.4.3.1. Interstate Commerce
5.3.4.3.2. Foreign Commerce
5.3.4.4. Alcohol Regs
5.3.4.4.1. 21 amendment
5.3.5. Federal Preemption of State Law
5.3.5.1. Express Preemption
5.3.5.1.1. A. Constitution makes federal powr exclusive
5.3.5.1.2. B. Congress has enacted legislation that explicitly prohibits state legislation.
5.3.5.2. Implied Preemption
5.3.5.2.1. A. Congress intended for federal law to "occupy the field"
5.3.5.2.2. B. State law directly conflicts with federal law
5.3.5.2.3. C. State law frustrates purpose of federal law
5.3.6. Relation Among States
5.3.6.1. Interstate Compacts
5.3.6.2. Article IV. Full Faith & Credit
5.3.6.2.1. 1. Judgments
5.3.6.2.2. 2. Laws
6. Evidence
6.1. Presentation of Evidence
6.1.1. Introduction of Evidence
6.1.1.1. The Rule of Completeness
6.1.2. Mode & Order
6.2. Relevance
6.3. Tangible Evidence
6.3.1. Authentication
6.3.1.1. Rule
6.3.1.2. Physical Objects
6.3.1.2.1. Distinctive Characteristics
6.3.1.2.2. Personal Knowledge
6.3.1.2.3. Chain of Custody
6.3.1.2.4. Reproductions & Explanatory Evidence
6.3.1.2.5. X-Ray images & Electrocardiograms
6.3.1.3. Documentary Evidence
6.3.1.3.1. Ancient Docs & Data Compilations
6.3.1.3.2. Public Records
6.3.1.3.3. Reply Letter
6.3.1.3.4. Handwriting Verification
6.3.1.3.5. Self-Authenticating
6.3.1.4. Oral Statements
6.3.1.4.1. Voice
6.3.1.4.2. Telephone Conversations
6.3.2. Best Evidence
6.3.3. Parol Evidence
6.4. Hearsay
6.4.1. The Rule
6.4.1.1. An Out of Court Statement Being Offered to Prove the Truth of the Matter Asserted
6.4.2. Non-Hearsay
6.4.2.1. Opposing Party's Statement
6.4.2.1.1. Rule
6.4.2.1.2. Types
6.4.2.2. Declarant-Witness's Prior Statements
6.4.2.2.1. Note: Declarant must testify at present trial & be subject to cross-examination for it to beadmissible
6.4.2.2.2. Three Types
6.5. Hearsay Exceptions
6.5.1. Declarant Unavailable
6.5.1.1. Unavailable
6.5.1.1.1. 1. Exempt bc privilege
6.5.1.1.2. 2. Refuses to testify despite court order
6.5.1.1.3. 3. Lacks Memory
6.5.1.1.4. 4. Dead, sick or disabled
6.5.1.1.5. 5. Absent & cannot be subpoenaed
6.5.1.2. 5 Exceptions
6.5.1.2.1. 1. Former Testimony
6.5.1.2.2. 2. Dying Declaration
6.5.1.2.3. 3. Statement Against Interest
6.5.1.2.4. 4. Statement of Personal or Family History
6.5.1.2.5. 5. Statement Against Party that Cause Declarant's Unavailability
6.5.2. Declarant's Availability inconsequential
6.5.2.1. Declarant does not need to be available because nature of statements make them inherently trustworthy.
6.5.2.2. 10 Exceptions:
6.5.2.2.1. 1. Present Sense Impression
6.5.2.2.2. 2. Excited Utterance
6.5.2.2.3. 3. Statement of Mental, Emotional or Physical Condition
6.5.2.2.4. 4. Statement made for diagnosis of Medical treatment
6.5.2.2.5. 5. Recorded Recollection
6.5.2.2.6. 6. Record of Regularly Conducted Activity (Biz Records)
6.5.2.2.7. 7. Public Records
6.5.2.2.8. 8. Learned Treatises
6.5.2.2.9. 9. Judgment of Previous Conviction
6.5.2.2.10. 10. Other
7. Contracts
7.1. Formation
7.1.1. Duty of Good Faith & Fair Dealing implied in ALL contracts.
7.1.1.1. Cooperate & Don't hinder performance.
7.1.2. Mutual Assent
7.1.2.1. Objective Theory of Contracts
7.1.2.2. Intent to be bound to definite terms
7.1.2.3. Offer & Acceptance
7.1.2.3.1. Offer
7.1.2.3.2. Termination of Offers
7.1.2.3.3. Acceptance
7.1.2.3.4. Effect of Additional or Different Terms
7.1.2.3.5. Auction Ks
7.1.2.4. UCC Specific Rules
7.1.2.4.1. Sales K's can be formed in any manner sufficient to show agreement.
7.1.2.4.2. Offers may be accepted “in any manner and by any medium reasonable under the circumstances”
7.1.2.4.3. When a buyer offers to purchase goods, a seller can accept the offer either by:
7.1.3. Consideration
7.1.3.1. Bargain and Exchange
7.1.3.1.1. Legal Detriment & Bargained-for Exchange
7.1.3.1.2. Gift Distinguished
7.1.3.2. Adequacy of Consideration
7.1.3.2.1. Subjective Value
7.1.3.2.2. Pre-Existing Duty Rule
7.1.3.2.3. Past Consideration
7.1.3.2.4. Modification of Existing K
7.1.3.2.5. Accord & Satisfaction
7.1.3.2.6. Illusory Promise
7.1.3.2.7. Voidable & Unenforceable Promises
7.1.3.2.8. Requirements & Output Contracts
7.1.3.2.9. Settlement of a Legal Claim
7.1.4. Promises Binding w/o Consideration
7.1.4.1. Promise to pay a debt barred by SOL or Bankruptcy
7.1.4.2. Promise to performa voidable duty
7.1.4.3. Promise to pay benefits received: Material Benefit Rule
7.1.4.4. Promissory Estoppel
7.1.4.4.1. Requirements
7.1.4.4.2. Exception to the reliance requirement for charitable subscriptions
7.1.4.4.3. Construction contracts
7.1.5. Enforceability
7.1.5.1. Void K's
7.1.5.1.1. cannot be enforced
7.1.5.2. Voidable
7.1.5.2.1. Is valid
7.1.5.2.2. unless and until one party tries to avoid
7.1.5.3. Unenforceable
7.1.6. Defenses to Formation
7.1.6.1. Mistake
7.1.6.1.1. Mutual Mistake
7.1.6.1.2. Unilateral Mistake
7.1.6.1.3. Reformation for Mistake
7.1.6.2. Misunderstanding
7.1.6.2.1. Neither Paryt knows or should know of the misunderstanding
7.1.6.2.2. One party knows/should know
7.1.6.2.3. Both parties know
7.1.6.2.4. Waiver of the misunderstanding
7.1.6.2.5. Subjective determination of misunderstanding
7.1.6.3. Misrepresentation, Nondisclosure & Fraud
7.1.6.3.1. Fraudulent Misrepresentation
7.1.6.3.2. Nondisclosure
7.1.6.3.3. Effect
7.1.6.3.4. Nonfraudulent Misrepresentation
7.1.6.3.5. Effect of party's fault in not knowing or discovering facts
7.1.6.3.6. Cure of a misrepresentation
7.1.6.3.7. Avoidance or reformation for misrepresentation
7.1.6.4. Undue Influence
7.1.6.4.1. Unfair persuasion to get a party to assent to K
7.1.6.5. Duress
7.1.6.6. Capacity to Contract
7.1.7. Defenses to Enforcement
7.1.7.1. Illegality
7.1.7.2. Unconscionability
7.1.7.3. Public Policy
7.1.7.4. SOF
7.1.8. Implied-In-Fact Contracts
7.1.8.1. Assent to an offer is inferred solely from conduct
7.1.8.2. Party must
7.1.8.2.1. 1. Intend the conduct
7.1.8.2.2. 2. Know/have reason to know that his conduct may cause offeror to interpret conduct as ASSENT to the offer.
7.1.9. Quasi-Contracts (Implied-in-Law)
7.1.9.1. Court may allow restitution if:
7.1.9.1.1. 1. Measurable benefit conferred
7.1.9.1.2. 2. P acted without gratuitous intent
7.1.9.1.3. 3. It would be unfair to allow D to retain the benefit becuse either:
7.1.10. Warranties in Sale of Goods Contracts
7.1.10.1. Express Warranty
7.1.10.1.1. Any promise/affirmation/description that is basis of bargain.
7.1.10.1.2. Exception: Seller's description.
7.1.10.1.3. Disclaimers that unreasonable negate or limit express warranties are inoperative.
7.1.10.2. Implied Warranty of Merchantibility
7.1.10.2.1. 1. Implied when Seller = Merchant
7.1.10.2.2. 2. Goods must be fit for ordinary purpose
7.1.10.3. Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
7.1.10.4. Disclaimer of Implied Warranties
7.1.10.4.1. Implied Warranty of Merchantability
7.1.10.4.2. Implied warranty of fitness ofr a particular purpose
7.1.10.4.3. All implied Warranties
7.1.10.5. Hint: Make sure the person offering the "advice" is the seller!
7.2. Discharge
7.3. 3P Beneficiary K's
7.4. Assignment & Delegation
7.4.1. Assignment
7.4.1.1. Transfer of rights under a contract.
7.4.1.2. Consideration? Irrevocable.
7.4.1.3. Gratuitous? Revocable
7.4.1.3.1. Exceptions
7.4.1.3.2. Auto terminates on death, incapacity or bankruptcy of assignor.
7.4.1.4. Subsequent assignment revokes prior revocable assignment.
7.4.2. Delegation
7.4.2.1. Transfer of duties and obligations under a contract.
7.5. SOF
7.6. PER
7.7. Conditions & Performance
7.7.1. Condition
7.7.1.1. 1. Future Event
7.7.1.2. 2. Must take place
7.7.1.3. Failure to take place relieves a party of the obligation to perform
7.7.2. Good Faith Standard
7.7.3. Performance
7.7.3.1. CL: Substantial Performance
7.7.3.1.1. Express Condition Precedent
7.7.3.1.2. Implied/Constructive Condition Precedent
7.7.3.1.3. Damages
7.7.3.1.4. Willful Breach
7.7.3.2. UCC: Perfect Tender Rule
7.7.3.3. Divisible/Installment K's
7.7.3.3.1. Common Law
7.7.3.3.2. UCC
7.7.4. Suspension or Excuse
7.8. Breach & Remedies
8. Torts
8.1. Intentional Torts to People
8.2. Harms to Property
8.2.1. Trespass to Chattels
8.2.1.1. Intentional Interference with right to possession
8.2.1.2. Dispossession or intermeddling
8.2.1.3. Damages:
8.2.1.3.1. Actual Harm
8.2.1.3.2. Deprivation of Use
8.3. Negligence
8.3.1. Duty
8.3.1.1. Foreseeability
8.3.1.1.1. Of Harm
8.3.1.1.2. Of Plaintiff
8.3.1.2. Specific Classes of Foreseeable Plaintiffs
8.3.1.2.1. Rescuers
8.3.1.2.2. Intended Beneficiaries
8.3.1.2.3. Fetuses
8.3.1.2.4. Anticipated Victim of a Crime
8.3.1.3. Affirmative Duty to Act
8.3.1.3.1. Assumption of Duty
8.3.1.3.2. Placing Another in Peril
8.3.1.3.3. Contractual Duty
8.3.1.3.4. Authority
8.3.1.3.5. Relationship
8.3.1.3.6. Statute that imposes an obligation
8.3.2. Standard of Care
8.3.2.1. Reasonably Prudent Person
8.3.2.1.1. Mental & Emotional Characteristics
8.3.2.1.2. Physical Characteristics
8.3.2.1.3. Intoxication
8.3.2.1.4. Children
8.3.2.2. Specific Classes of Defendants
8.3.2.2.1. Common Carriers & Innkeeprs
8.3.2.2.2. Automobile Drivers
8.3.2.2.3. Bailors & Bailees
8.3.2.2.4. Emergency Situations
8.3.2.3. Possessors of Land
8.3.2.3.1. Two Approaches
8.3.2.3.2. Trespassers
8.3.2.3.3. Invitees: Traditional Approach
8.3.2.3.4. Licensees: Traditional Approcah
8.3.2.3.5. Liability of Landlords & Tenants
8.3.2.3.6. Off-Premises Victims
8.3.2.3.7. Sellers of Real Property
8.3.3. Breach
8.3.3.1. Generally
8.3.3.2. Custom
8.3.3.3. Negligence Per Se
8.3.3.4. Res Ipsa Loquitur
8.3.4. Causation
8.3.4.1. Actual Cause
8.3.4.2. Causal Linkage
8.3.4.3. Proximate Cause
8.3.5. Damages
8.3.5.1. Actual Damages
8.3.5.2. Compensatory Damages
8.3.5.3. Mitigation of Damages
8.3.5.4. Personal Injury Damages
8.3.5.5. Property Damage
8.3.5.6. Collateral-Source Rule
8.3.5.7. Punitive Damages
8.3.6. Special Rules of Liability
8.3.6.1. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
8.3.6.2. Pure Economic Loss
8.3.6.3. Wrongful Death & Survival Actions
8.3.6.4. Loss Arising from Injury to Family
8.3.6.5. Wrongful LIfe/ Birth
8.3.7. Vicarious Liability
8.3.7.1. Respondeat Superior
8.3.7.2. Independent Contractors
8.3.7.3. Biz Partners & Joint Enterprises
8.3.7.4. Automobile Owners
8.3.7.5. Parents & Their Kids
8.3.7.6. Another's Alcohol Consumption
8.3.7.6.1. Dram Shop Liability
8.3.7.6.2. Social Host Liability
8.3.7.7. Bailment
8.3.8. Immunities
8.3.8.1. The Government
8.3.8.2. Intra-Family Immunity
8.3.8.3. Charitable Immunity
8.3.9. Multiple Defendants
8.3.9.1. Joint & Several Liability
8.3.9.2. Contribution
8.3.9.3. Several (proportional liability)
8.3.9.4. Satisfaction & Release
8.3.9.5. Indemnification
8.3.9.5.1. Vicarious Liability
8.3.9.5.2. Other instances
8.3.10. Defenses
8.3.10.1. Contributory Fault
8.3.10.1.1. Contributory Negligence: traditional Rule
8.3.10.1.2. Last clear chance
8.3.10.1.3. comparative fault
8.3.10.1.4. imputed contributory negligence
8.3.10.1.5. distringuishing comparative fault, contribution & several liability
8.3.10.2. Assumption of the Risk
8.3.10.2.1. Express: Exculpatory Clauses in Contracts
8.3.10.2.2. Implied
8.4. Strict Liability
8.4.1. Abnormally Dangerous Activities
8.4.1.1. Foreseeable & Significant Risk fo Harm
8.4.1.2. Appropriate location?
8.4.1.3. Value to community?
8.4.1.4. Liable for harms that flow from the risk
8.4.2. Animals
8.4.2.1. Wild Animals
8.4.2.2. Abnormally Dangerous
8.4.2.3. Trespassing
8.4.2.4. Landlord's Liability
8.4.3. Defenses
8.4.3.1. Contributory Negligence
8.4.3.2. Comparative Fault
8.4.3.3. Assumption of the Risk
8.4.3.4. Statutory Privilege
8.4.3.5. Trespasser
8.5. Products Liability
8.5.1. Negligence
8.5.1.1. Duty
8.5.1.2. Breach
8.5.1.3. Causation
8.5.1.4. Damages
8.5.1.5. Defenses
8.5.2. Strict Products LIability
8.5.2.1. Elements of a Claim
8.5.2.2. Defective Product
8.5.2.2.1. Manufacturing Defect
8.5.2.2.2. Design Defect
8.5.2.2.3. Failure to Warn
8.5.2.2.4. Inference of Defect
8.5.2.3. Plaintiffs
8.5.2.4. Defendants
8.5.2.4.1. Business of a seller
8.5.2.4.2. Chain of distribution
8.5.2.4.3. Even if not responsible
8.5.2.4.4. Seller of a component part
8.5.2.4.5. Indemnification
8.5.2.4.6. Lessor
8.5.2.4.7. Products & Services
8.5.2.4.8. Exclusions
8.5.2.5. Damages
8.5.2.5.1. "Market Share" Liability
8.5.2.6. Defenses
8.5.2.6.1. Comparative Fault
8.5.2.6.2. Contributory Negligence
8.5.2.6.3. Assumption of the Risk
8.5.2.6.4. Product Misuse, modification or alteration by user
8.5.2.6.5. Substantial change in product
8.5.2.6.6. Compliance w/ Govt' standards
8.5.2.6.7. "state of the art"
8.5.2.6.8. Statute of limitations issues
8.5.2.6.9. Contract disclaimers, limitations & waivers
8.5.2.6.10. Unforeseeable interveneing causes
8.5.3. Warranties
8.5.3.1. Implied
8.5.3.1.1. Two Types
8.5.3.1.2. Damages
8.5.3.1.3. Privity Requirement
8.5.3.2. Express
8.5.3.3. Defenses to Warranty Claims
8.5.3.3.1. Disclaimers
8.5.3.3.2. Tort Defenses
8.6. Economic & Dignitary Torts
8.6.1. Defamation
8.6.1.1. 1. Defamatory Language
8.6.1.2. 2. Of or Concerning the Plaintiff
8.6.1.2.1. Remember: A deceased person cannot legally be defamed!
8.6.1.3. 3. Publication
8.6.1.4. Constitutional Requirements
8.6.1.4.1. Public Official
8.6.1.4.2. Public Figure
8.6.1.4.3. Private Person
8.6.1.5. Falsity
8.6.1.5.1. Matters of Public Concern
8.6.1.5.2. Private person/Plaintiff/not a matter of public concern
8.6.1.6. Fault
8.6.1.7. Constitutional Limitations on Damages
8.6.1.8. Defenses
8.6.2. Invasion of Privacy
8.6.2.1. Misappropriation of Right to Publicity
8.6.2.2. Intrusion Upon Seclusion
8.6.2.3. Portraying in False Light
8.6.2.4. Public Disclosure of Private Facts
8.6.2.5. Damages
8.6.2.6. Defenses
8.6.3. Intentional Misrepresentation
8.6.3.1. Defendant's False Representation
8.6.3.2. Scienter
8.6.3.3. Intent to Induce Reliance
8.6.3.4. Causation
8.6.3.5. Justifiable Reliance
8.6.3.6. Damages
8.6.4. Negligent Misrepresentation
8.6.4.1. Elements and Scope
8.6.4.2. Defenses
8.6.4.3. Damages
8.6.4.4. Distinguished from Ordinary Negligence
8.6.5. Intentional Interference w/ Business Relations
8.6.5.1. Intentional Interference with a Contract
8.6.5.2. Interference With a Prospective Economic Advantage
8.6.5.3. Theft of Trade Secrets
8.6.6. Injurious Falsehoods
8.6.6.1. Trade Libel
8.6.6.2. Slander of Title
8.6.7. Wrongful Use of Legal System
8.6.7.1. Malicious Prosecution
8.6.7.2. Abuse of Process