1. Evolution
1.1. Introducing Evolution 7
1.1.1. Adaptation and Variation
1.1.1.1. Adaptation
1.1.1.1.1. Structure that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment
1.1.1.1.2. Mimicry
1.1.1.1.3. Variations
1.1.1.2. Variation
1.1.1.2.1. Mutations
1.1.1.2.2. English Peppered Moth
1.1.2. Natural Selection and Artifical Selection
1.1.2.1. Natural Selection
1.1.2.1.1. Selective Pressure
1.1.2.1.2. Fitness
1.1.2.2. Artificial Selection
1.1.2.2.1. Selective Breedings
1.1.2.2.2. Biotechnology
1.2. Developing A Theory Of Evolution 8.
1.2.1. Sources Of Evidence For Evolution
1.3. Evolution and Speciation 9.
1.3.1. Mechanisms of Evolution and Effect On Population
1.3.1.1. Evolutionary Change
1.3.1.1.1. Mutations
1.3.1.1.2. Gene Flow
1.3.1.1.3. Non- random mating
1.3.1.1.4. Genetic Drift
1.3.1.1.5. Natural Selection
1.3.2. How Species Form
1.3.2.1. Speciation
1.3.2.1.1. Formation of New Species
1.3.2.2. Pre- Zygotic Isolating Mechanism
1.3.2.2.1. Behavioural
1.3.2.2.2. Habitat
1.3.2.2.3. Temporal
1.3.2.2.4. Mechanical
1.3.2.2.5. Gametic
1.3.2.3. Post- Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms
1.3.2.3.1. Hybrid Inviability
1.3.2.3.2. Hybrid Sterility
1.3.2.3.3. Hybrid Breakdown
1.3.2.4. Types of Speciation
1.3.2.4.1. Sympatric Speciation
1.3.2.4.2. Allopathic Speciatation
2. Diversity Of Living Things
2.1. Classifying Life’s Diversity 1.
2.1.1. Identfying,Naming and Classifying Specices
2.1.1.1. Identifying Species
2.1.1.1.1. A group of organisims that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
2.1.1.1.2. Species Concept
2.1.1.2. Naming Species
2.1.1.2.1. Taxonomy
2.1.1.3. Classifying Species
2.1.1.3.1. Classfication
2.1.1.3.2. Hierarchical Classification
2.1.1.3.3. Taxnomic
2.1.2. Determining How Species Are Related
2.1.2.1. Ancestors
2.1.2.1.1. Organism from which other groups of organisms are descended
2.1.2.1.2. Phylogenetic Trees
2.1.2.2. Evidence Of Relationships
2.1.2.2.1. Anatomical Evidence
2.1.2.2.2. Physiological Evidence
2.1.2.2.3. DNA Evidence
2.1.3. Kingdoms And Domains
2.1.3.1. The 6 Kingdoms
2.1.3.1.1. Animials
2.1.3.1.2. Plants
2.1.3.1.3. Fungi
2.1.3.1.4. Protists
2.1.3.1.5. Bacteria
2.1.3.1.6. Archaea
2.1.3.2. Two Major Cells
2.1.3.2.1. Prokaryotic
2.1.3.2.2. Eukaryotic
2.1.3.3. Three Domains
2.1.3.3.1. Bacteria
2.1.3.3.2. Archea
2.1.3.3.3. Eukarya
2.1.3.4. Main Characteristics Of Kingdoms
2.1.3.4.1. Autotroph
2.1.3.4.2. Heterotroph
2.1.3.5. Dichotomous Key
2.1.3.5.1. Identification tool consisting of a series of two-part choices that lead the user to a correct identification
2.1.3.5.2. Fundamental Differneces
2.1.3.5.3. Taonmits use dichotomous key to make choice between pair of options to narrow down identifications
2.2. Simple to Complex 2.
2.2.1. Microscopic Look At Life Organization
2.2.1.1. Vireuses
2.2.1.1.1. Structure that contains strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat; it cannotlive independently outside of Cells
2.2.1.1.2. Can be classified by size and shpae of their capsid
2.2.1.1.3. Reproduce through replication within a host cell through..
2.2.2. Comparing Bacteria And Archea
2.2.2.1. Archea
2.2.2.1.1. Comparing Morphology
2.2.2.1.2. Comparing Nutrition
2.2.2.1.3. Comparing Habitats
2.2.2.2. Bacteria
2.2.2.2.1. Comparing Morphology
2.2.2.2.2. Comparing Nutrition
2.2.2.2.3. Comparing Habitats
2.2.2.2.4. The Envionment
2.2.3. The Unicellular Eukaryotes
2.2.3.1. Protists
2.2.3.1.1. A eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant, or a animal
2.2.3.1.2. Characteristics Of Protists
2.2.3.1.3. Three Groups:
2.2.4. Eukaryotic Evolution and Diversity
2.2.4.1. Endysmbiosis
2.2.4.1.1. A theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between 2 or more prokaryotic cells
2.2.4.1.2. Cells developed in the past through endosymbiosis
2.2.4.2. Two Organelles That Present Ecidence of Endosymbiosis
2.2.4.2.1. Chloroplasts
2.2.4.2.2. Mitochondria
2.3. Multicellular Diversity 3.
2.3.1. From Algae to Terrestrial Plants
2.3.1.1. Alga
2.3.1.1.1. A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist
2.3.1.1.2. Member of Kingdom Protista
2.3.1.1.3. 3 Groups based On the Colour
2.3.2. The Plant Kingdom
2.3.2.1. Non-Vascular Plants: Bryophytes
2.3.2.1.1. Mosses
2.3.2.1.2. Liverworts
2.3.2.1.3. Hornworts
2.3.2.2. Seedless Vascular Plants
2.3.2.2.1. Whisk Ferns
2.3.2.2.2. Club Mosses
2.3.2.2.3. Horsetails
2.3.2.2.4. Ferns
2.3.2.3. Seed-producing Vascular Plants
2.3.2.3.1. Gymnosperms
2.3.2.3.2. Angiosperms
2.3.3. The Fungus Kingdom
2.3.3.1. Fungus
2.3.3.1.1. Stationary, hetertropic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin
2.3.3.2. Structure of Fungi
2.3.3.2.1. Hyphae
2.3.3.2.2. Mycelium
2.3.3.2.3. Fruiting body
2.3.3.3. Fungal Reproduction
2.3.3.3.1. Asexual and Sexual methods of reproduction
2.3.3.4. Fungal Classification
2.3.3.4.1. Fungi Imperfecti
2.3.3.4.2. Chytrids
2.3.3.4.3. Zygospore Fungi
2.3.3.4.4. Sac Fungi
2.3.3.4.5. Club Fungi
2.3.3.5. Lichens
2.3.3.5.1. Organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
2.3.4. The Animal Kingdom
2.3.4.1. All Animals Characteristics are
2.3.4.1.1. Ekaryotic, Multicellular Organisms, reproduce sexually, an produce embryo
2.3.4.2. Types of body symmetry
2.3.4.2.1. Radial Symmetry
2.3.4.2.2. Bilateral Symmetry
2.3.4.3. Invertebrate Animals
2.3.4.3.1. Sponges and Cnidarians
2.3.4.3.2. Worms
2.3.4.3.3. Molluscs
2.3.4.3.4. Echinoderms
2.3.4.3.5. Arthropods
2.3.4.4. Vertebrate Animals
2.3.4.4.1. Fish
2.3.4.4.2. Amphibians
2.3.4.4.3. Reptiles
2.3.4.4.4. Birds
2.3.4.4.5. Mammals
2.3.4.5. Characterstic Used to Classify Animals
2.3.4.5.1. Level of Organization
2.3.4.5.2. Number of Body Layers
2.3.4.5.3. Symmetry and Body Plans
2.3.4.5.4. Body Cavity
2.3.4.5.5. Segmentation
2.3.4.5.6. Movement
2.3.4.5.7. Reproduction
2.3.5. The Biodiversity Crisis
2.3.5.1. The current decline in genetic,species and ecosystem diversity that may represent a mass extinction
2.3.5.2. Climate Change
2.3.5.2.1. Affects the food sources of animals like caribou
2.3.5.2.2. Alter the boundaries of plant communities vertically in mountainous regions=
2.3.5.3. BioDiveristy
3. Genetics
3.1. Cell Devision and Reproduction 4.
3.1.1. Cell Division and Genetic Reproduction
3.1.1.1. Cell Cycle
3.1.1.1.1. Mitosis
3.1.1.1.2. 3 Stages Of The Cell Cycle
3.1.1.2. DNA
3.1.1.2.1. made up of 2 long strands that form a spiral shape
3.1.1.2.2. Four Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytoine
3.1.1.2.3. Genome
3.1.1.3. Chromosomes Are Paired
3.1.1.3.1. Humans somatic cells have 46 Chromosomes
3.1.1.3.2. One Chromosomes pair is Sex Chromosomes
3.1.1.3.3. Autosomes
3.1.1.3.4. Homologous Chromosomes
3.1.2. Sexual Reproduction
3.1.2.1. Asexual reproduction
3.1.2.1.1. Reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring
3.1.2.2. Sexual reproduction
3.1.2.2.1. Haploid
3.1.2.2.2. Diploid
3.1.2.2.3. Gametes
3.1.2.3. Meiosis
3.1.2.3.1. The cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the Parent Cell
3.1.2.3.2. Two Key Outcomes:
3.1.2.3.3. Interphase
3.1.2.3.4. Prophase I
3.1.2.3.5. Metaphase I
3.1.2.3.6. Anaphase I
3.1.2.3.7. Telophase I
3.1.2.3.8. Cytokinesis
3.1.2.3.9. Genetic Variation
3.1.2.4. Gamete Formation in Animal
3.1.2.4.1. Spermatogenesis
3.1.2.4.2. Oogenesis
3.1.3. Reproductive Strategies and Technologies
3.1.3.1. Agriculture
3.1.3.1.1. Traditional Agriculture
3.1.3.2. Cloning Reproduction
3.1.3.2.1. Gene Cloning
3.1.3.2.2. Therapeutic Cloning
3.1.3.2.3. Reproductive Cloning
3.1.3.2.4. Process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms
3.1.3.3. Stem Cells
3.1.3.3.1. Embryonic Stem Cells
3.1.3.3.2. Adult Stem Cells
3.1.3.3.3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
3.2. Patterns Of Inheritance 5.
3.2.1. Understanding Inheritance
3.2.1.1. Gregir Mendels Experiments
3.2.1.1.1. Mendels Pea Plants
3.2.1.1.2. Monohybrid Cross
3.2.1.1.3. Law of Segregation
3.2.1.1.4. F1 Generation
3.2.1.1.5. P Generation
3.2.1.2. Genotype
3.2.1.2.1. Combination of alleles for any given trait
3.2.1.3. Phenotype
3.2.1.3.1. Physical and physiological traits of an organism
3.2.1.4. Homozygous
3.2.1.4.1. An organism that had 2 Identical alleles of a gene
3.2.1.5. Heterozygous
3.2.1.5.1. An organism that has two different alleles of a gene
3.2.1.6. Alelles
3.2.2. Studying Genetic Crosses
3.2.2.1. Punnett Square
3.2.2.1.1. Reginald Punnett (1875-1967)
3.2.2.1.2. Mendel’s Experiment
3.2.2.1.3. Dihybrid Cross
3.2.3. Following Patterns Of Inheritance In Humans
3.2.3.1. Pedigree
3.2.3.1.1. Autosomal
3.2.3.2. Gene therapy
3.3. Complex Patterns Of Inheritance 6.
3.3.1. Beyond Mendels Observations Of Inheritance
3.3.1.1. Incomplete Dominance
3.3.1.1.1. A condition in which neither the allele for a gene completely conceals the presence of the other
3.3.1.1.2. Intermediate Phenotype
3.3.1.1.3. Codminance
3.3.1.2. Multiple Alleles
3.3.1.2.1. Rabbit Coat Colour
3.3.1.3. Polygenic Inheritance
3.3.1.3.1. Height
3.3.1.3.2. Skin Colour
3.3.1.3.3. Polygenic
3.3.2. Inheritance Of Linked Gene’s
3.3.2.1. Linked Genes
3.3.2.1.1. Linkage group
3.3.2.1.2. Hemizygous
3.3.2.1.3. Genes that are on the same chromosomes and that tend to be inherited together
3.3.2.1.4. Genes