1.1. a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups
2. colonialism
2.1. the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
2.2. the spread of colonialism brought with it suffering and a wide range of how we categorize and mister understand those who are different from us.
2.3. racism, while not created from colonialism, was afforded a huge "toehold" in the lives of those who gained from colonialism directly.
2.4. colonialism also brought into play the control of one country over another
3. white supremacy
3.1. The belief what whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races
4. Jim Crow
4.1. Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery
5. nativism
5.1. The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
6. individual racism
6.1. Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race
6.2. hate crimes
6.3. acting on racial stereotypes
7. Institutional racism
7.1. Patterns by which racial inequality in structured through key cultural institutions, policies and systems
7.2. Jim Crow laws
7.3. unequal educational access for certain racial groups
8. intersectionality
8.1. An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
9. racism
9.1. individuals thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privileges, resources and opportunities based on imagined difference among groups
10. genotype
10.1. the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism physical form
11. phenotype
11.1. the way genes are expressed in an organisms physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors
11.2. the basis of much of racist attitude involves the characteristics of others that can be seen by the naked eye.
12. miscegenation
12.1. A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage
13. whiteness
13.1. A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia design to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification
14. hypodescent
14.1. Sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group
15. racialization
15.1. The process of categorizing, differentiating and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people
16. microaggressions
16.1. Common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation or religion
17. racial ideology
17.1. A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational and normal
17.2. Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them.
17.3. popular belief in the idea that one race is meant to rule another, belief that all member of one race are better althetes than others
