1. Anomia-intended word is not produced, intention is expressed through many words were fewer would do.
2. Fluent Aphasia (normal-faster rate of speech; W.A.C.TS.)
2.1. Wernicke's
2.1.1. Flowing effortless speech, poor naming, turntaking, repetition and auditory comprehension, severe word finding.
2.1.2. Location of Lesion to cause W's: posterior lesion to superior temporal lobe (Penguins Like to Swim Till Lunch; P.L.to.S.T.L.)
2.1.3. Signs: limited understanding/comprehension, expression more fluid but empty
2.2. Anomic
2.2.1. Fluent conversational, general word finding difficulty, paraphasias and circulumtation, normal syntax, repetition, comprehension, articulation, reading, and writing.
2.2.2. Naming issues
2.2.3. Location of Lesion: temporoparietal
2.3. Conduction
2.3.1. Rare, empty phonemic paraphasic speech, impaired repetition and naming, good auditory comprehension.
2.3.2. poor rep. compared to speech and understanding
2.3.3. Location of Lesion: supramarginal gyrus
2.4. Transcortical Sensory
2.4.1. Paraphasic empty speech, severe naming, poor auditory comprehension, repetition intact, TEMPOROPARIETAL region.
3. Aphasia
3.1. loss or impairment of language caused by brain damage
3.2. Divides into: motor/expressive, sensory/receptive, fluent, non-fluent
4. = Intact repetition (Transcortical Aphasias)
5. Transcortical Aphasia- ability to repeat better is better than ability to speak or understand; lesions located around Broca's or Wernike's
6. Dementia-impairment in short-term memory and long-term memory; Defining feature: rapid forgetting of recent events
6.1. Present when diagnosing: impairment in abstract thinking, impaired judgement, other disturbances of higher cortical function, personality change
6.2. Reversible: brain tumor, depression, hypothyroidism, drug interactions, nutrition deficits
6.3. Irreversible:Alzheimer's,pick's disease, lewy body disease, vascular dementia, huntington's chorea
6.4. Diagnose:patient history, physical exam, neurological evaluations, cognitive an neuropsychological test, brain scans, rating scales.
6.4.1. Diagnosis & Assessment Tests: mini mental state exam (MMSE), Arizona battery for communication disorders of dementia (ABCD), functional assessment of communication skills (asha facs)
6.4.2. Diagnosing Tools: Clock drawing test, story retell
6.4.3. Doctor diagnosis patient usually when 2 or more brain functions are significantly impaired
6.5. Stages and what happens during them
6.5.1. Early stage: normal grammer, less concise discourse, more fragments, forget topic, repitioua
6.5.2. Middle stage: less verbal output, more difficulty with lexical retrieval and idea generation (dysnomia, empty discourse), impaired comprehension due to rapid forgetting, retain reading skills
6.5.3. Late stage: severely reduced output of meaningful language, dysnomia, ideational perseveration, may be able to name and contribute to a conversation, often retain some social language, reading comprehension impaired
6.6. Affects 15% of older Americans; 60-80% of dementia patients have Alzheimer's
6.7. Cholinesterase inhibitors- drugs used to treat mild and moderate dementia
7. Alzheimer's-chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disease; suffered by 4.5 million Americans
7.1. onset of Alzheimer's is most often at the age of 65 or older; familial cases of AD are rare
7.2. Risk factors: atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, diabetes
7.3. Neurofibrillary tangles: abnormal collections of twisted protein threads inside nerve cells; happen at a much greater rate in AD than in normal aging brains
7.4. The 3 categories of AD: mild, moderate, late; The initial sign: deterioration in memory; progression of AD can range from 3 to 20 years
7.5. Nursing strategies to address difficult behaviors: redirection, distraction, reassurance
8. Agraphia-writing disorder (aGRAPHia; graph is something you draw with a pencil which you write with)
9. Alexia-reading disorder (like dyslexia, alexia)
10. Non-fluent Aphasia (slow rate; TM.MT.G.B.)
10.1. Transcortical Motor
10.1.1. Apathy, unfinished sentences, a little or no spontaneous speech, good comprehension.
10.2. Mixed Transcortial
10.2.1. Rare, paralysis, auditory and reading comprehension severe, good repetition and automatic speech.
10.3. Global
10.3.1. SEVERE, greatly impaired language skills, poor repetition, naming and auditory comprehension.
10.3.2. BOTH comprehension and expression affected, limited communicative ability
10.3.3. Lesion location: perisylvian
10.4. Broca's
10.4.1. Imperfect conversations, agrammatic (inability speaking in a grammatically correct sequence), poor repetition and naming, good auditory comprehension.
10.4.2. Comprehension > Expression
10.4.3. Location of Broca's area: inferior frontal lobe convolution (In Fall Lovers Connect, I.F.L.C.)
10.4.4. Signs: short utterances, agrammatic, telegraphic speech
11. Paraphasia-word different than intended word)
11.1. Literal (phonemic)-phonemes out of order
11.1.1. INS to insert (Windows)
11.1.2. TAB to insert (Mac OS)
11.1.3. ENTER to add siblings
11.1.4. DEL to delete
11.1.5. Press F1 to see all key shortcuts
11.2. Verbal-real, but unintended word
11.2.1. Semantic Jargon- word salad
11.3. Neolistic-jibberish word substituted
11.3.1. Neolistic Jargon- utterance, mostly gibberish
11.3.1.1. Personal Todo List
11.3.1.2. Vacation Planning
11.3.1.3. Meeting Minutes
11.3.1.4. Project Plan
11.3.1.5. more...