Cell proliferation

1. Cellular adaptation

1.1. Hypertrophy

1.2. Atrophy

1.3. Hyperplasia

1.4. Metaplasia

1.4.1. Not malignant but correlation b/w metaplasia and dysplasia- chronic stress.

1.4.1.1. Barrett's esophagus

1.4.1.1.1. Substitution of Strat Squam for glandular epithelium

1.4.1.2. Uterine cervix

1.4.1.2.1. Squamous epithelium in cervix

1.5. Dysplasia

1.5.1. Abnormal organization of cells

1.5.1.1. Pre malignant

1.5.1.1.1. Nuclear changes

1.5.1.1.2. disorderly arrangement

1.5.1.1.3. Variations in cell size/shape

1.6. Intracellular accumulations

2. Growth Factors

2.1. RAF

2.2. RAS

2.3. G-Proteins

2.4. EGF

2.4.1. R= c-erb (Her2/Neu)

2.4.2. Mitogenic and differentiating

2.5. ER and PR

2.6. HGF R= c-Met

2.6.1. Mitogenic motogenic and morphogenic.

2.7. FGF-fibroblast

2.8. VEGF-vascular endothelial

2.9. TGFB- transforming endothelial

3. Inhibitory signals

3.1. P15

3.2. P16

3.3. P21

3.4. P27

3.5. P53

3.6. RB

3.6.1. Holds E2F

3.6.2. Phosphorylation inactivates and releases E2F