1.1. "Reports on the language development of [primates] Washoe, Koko, and Chantek suggest that they have the ability to move beyond rote memorization of certain signs and indicate a more human-like capactity to lie, swear, tell jokes, invent new words by combining signs, and even try to teach language to others." (Grant, pg. 114)
1.2. This chapter explores the orgins of language, how culture affects languages, and that language itself is constantly evolving and changing.
1.3. "..the United States is home to people speaking nearly 400 languages, incliuding 169 distinct Native American languages whose orgins predate European conquest." (Grant, pg.128)
2. Gender (Chapter 8 )
2.1. Gender: The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. Sex: The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human production. (Grant, pg. 273)
2.2. "Three primary factors have generally been considered in determinig biological sex: (1) genitalia (2) gonads (tested and ovaries, which produce different hormones), and (3) chromosome patterns (women have two X chromosomes; men have one X and one Y)." (Grant, pg.273)
3. Anthrpology in a Global Age (Chapter 1)
3.1. The Chapter, "Anthropology in a Global Age" lays the foundation for future chapters by defining the lenses in which anthropologists examine humanity. This chapter also provides an overview of globalization and it's importance in the world of anthropology.
3.2. "Anthropologists believe that all humans share connections that are biological, cultural, economic, and ecological." (Guest, p.11)
3.3. "Physical Anthropologists find no evidence of distinct, fixed, biological races. Rather, there is only one human race." (Guest, p.14)
3.4. "We don't have the luxury to only think about our own lives anymore. Our atmospheres are connected. Our seas are connected. Everything is. Today we need to step back and see the Earth through a wider lens." (Barker, p.25)
4. Culture (Chapter 2)
4.1. This chapter explores the connection between anthropology and culture. Culture is defined as a sytem of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people.
4.2. "Human genetic codes are 99.9 percent identical, so if behavior were entireley driven by our genes, we should expect to find very similar, even universal, behavior responses to biological influences." (Guest, p.53)
4.3. "The culture of consumerism promotes spending and consumption, even when people don't have money." (Guest, p.60)
5. Sexuality (Chapter 9)
5.1. Sexuality: The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural. (Guest, p.314)
5.2. "Bonobos, dolphins, and humans are the only mammals that have sex for fun rather than exclusively for procreation." (Guest, p.315) "Humans are one of the few species that have sex face-to-face." (Guest, p.315)
5.3. In Nicaragua, anthropologist, Roger Lancaster, explored the relationship between Machismo and Sexuality. In Nicaragua, only men who receive anal penetration are considered "gay." The penetrator is considered a "manly man." In the U.S., you're cosidered gay if you engage in any sexual act of the same gender.
6. Religion (Chapter 15)
6.1. "Religion plays a central role in human life and human culture. Through the study of religion, anthropoligists engage some of the deepest, most difficult, and most enduring human questions- about meaning, difference, power, love, sexuality, mortality, morality, human orgins, and kinship." (Guest, p.570)
6.2. Shamans- part-time relgious practictioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings. (Guest, p.587)
6.3. "Magic rituals, taboos, and sacred objects are used constantly in American sports." (Guest, p.593)
7. Class and Inequality (Chapter 11)
7.1. "Archaeological evidence suggests that human evolutionary success relied on cooperation and the sharing of food, child rearing, and hunting-and-gathering responsibilities, not on heirarchy, violence, and aggression." (Guest, p.390) It seems, modern humanity needs a reminder of this fact!
7.2. Culture Capital: The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to the scare and valuable resources in society. (Guest, p.398)
7.3. "Between 1978-2014, the average pay for corporate CEOs increased by 1,000 percent. The typical worker's pay increased only by 11 percent." (Guest, p.412)
8. The Global Economy (Chapter 12)
8.1. "At the most basic level, an economy is a cultural adaptation to the environment- a set of ideas, activities, and technoligies that enable a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their basic needs and, if organized well, to thrive." (Guest, p.440)
8.2. Horticultiure vs. Agriculture- Horticultire is small garden plots using simple tools to cultivate the land. Agricultire is large-scale farming for food production involving irrigation, fertilizer, draft animals or machinery. https://plantsinformation.com/horticulture-vs-agriculture-what-is-the-difference/
8.3. Much like mandatory Federal and State taxes, "redistribution" is a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. (Guest, p. 446)
9. Race and Racism (Chapter 6)
9.1. "Humans are almost identical, sharing more than 99.9 percent of our DNA. The small differences that do exist are not distributed in any way that would correspond with the popular or scientific notion of separate races." (Guest, p.198)
9.2. Jim Crow: Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery. (Guest, p.216)
9.3. "One drop of blood rule" is the assignment of mixed race children to a lower class of their two parents. (Guest, p.217)
9.4. Individual Racism vs Institutional Racism- Individual= Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminitory actions based on race. Institutional= Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.
10. Ethnicity and Nationalism (Chapter 7)
10.1. Ethinicity- A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group. (Guest, p.240)
10.2. "Anthropologists see ethnicity as a cultural construction, not as a natural formation based on biology or inherent human nature. Fredrik Barth describes ethinicty as the 'social organization of cultural difference.'" (Guest, p.241)
10.3. Nationalism- A desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state. (Guest, p.254)
10.4. The "90-minute-nation" exists in the FIFA World Cup when England plays for 90 minutes as it's own country rather than as a part of the United Kingdom. (Guest, p.238)
11. Politics and Power (Chapter 14)
11.1. "Power is often described as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence- either one's own or that of a group or institution." (Guest p.526)
11.2. "Today Anthropologists study a highly militarized world in which war seem normalized and permanent. Warfare has become one of the most visable of all human polical institutions that reveals the state's pursuit of power." (Guest, p.546)
11.3. "Systems of power, including the state, are never absolute. Their dominance is never complete." (Guest, p.553)
