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Animals by Mind Map: Animals

1. Nematoda

1.1. Examples

1.1.1. Ascarid

1.1.1.1. Parasite of pigs + humans: Live in intestine

1.1.1.2. If ingested by another host, eggs hatch in intestine

1.1.1.3. Larvae bore through body and ends in lungs

1.1.1.4. Host coughs them up, swallows them

1.1.1.5. Live in host for 9-12 mo

1.1.2. Hookworms

1.1.2.1. Enter through bare feet

1.1.2.2. Travel to intestines, where they hang on and consume blood

1.2. Characteristics

1.2.1. Free living or parasitic

1.2.2. Lives from tropics to polar regions, dirt, host, aquatic

1.2.3. 1mm to 1m

1.2.4. Hydrostatic skeleton: Muscles supported by water

1.2.5. Cuticle: Tough outer covering provides protection

1.2.6. Mesoderm

1.2.6.1. Body cavity partly lined w/ mesoderm; pseudocoelomate

1.3. Digestion + Feeding

1.3.1. 2 Openings

1.3.1.1. More efficient digestion

1.3.1.1.1. Mouth-> Pharynx-> Intestine-> Anus

1.3.2. Eats

1.3.2.1. Decaying matter, fungus, algae, bacteria

1.3.2.2. Food, blood of host (Parasitic)

1.4. Reproduction

1.4.1. Most are DIOECIOUS

1.4.1.1. 2 separate sexes

1.4.2. Females larger than males

1.5. Nervous System

1.5.1. Simple, with GANGLIA, NERVES and several types of SENSORY ORGANS- touch, chemoreceptors (smell, taste)

1.6. Gas Exchange/Circulatory/Excretory Systems

1.6.1. Diffusion

2. Annelida

2.1. Classes

2.1.1. Polychaeta

2.1.1.1. "Many Bristles"

2.1.1.2. Marine

2.1.1.3. Free living or tube dwelling

2.1.1.4. Largest class

2.1.1.5. Parapodia: movement, increases SA for gas exchange

2.1.2. Oligochaeta

2.1.2.1. "Few Bristles"

2.1.2.2. Examples: Earthworms

2.1.2.3. Terrestrial

2.1.2.4. Few setae, no parapodia

2.1.3. Hirudinea

2.1.3.1. Leeches

2.1.3.2. Mostly parasites: Inject anesthesia, gain 10x body weight

2.1.3.3. No setae or parapodia

2.2. Characteristics

2.2.1. Segmentation allows for more specialization

2.2.2. Each septum limits diffusion

2.2.3. Bilateral symmetry

2.2.4. Hydrostatic skeleton

2.2.5. Coelomates

2.3. Use in Enviroment

2.3.1. Food chain

2.3.2. Earthworms aerate soil & provide organic matter poop (castings)

2.3.3. Leeches: Medical uses

2.4. Digestive + Feeding

2.4.1. Mouth: Eat

2.4.2. Pharynx: Swallow

2.4.3. Esophagus: Connect

2.4.4. Crop: Storage

2.4.5. Gizzard: Grinds food

2.4.6. Anus: Releases castings

2.5. Circulatory System

2.5.1. Closed system of blood vessels

2.5.2. Thicker, larger animas

2.5.3. Carries nutrients, O2

2.5.4. Dorsal blood vessel + Ventral blood vessel

2.5.5. 5 "hearts" (aortic arches)

2.6. Gas Exchange

2.6.1. Diffusion

2.7. Excretory System

2.7.1. Nephridia: 2 excretory tubes per segment

2.7.2. Nitrogenous waste & excess water removed via Nephridia

2.7.3. Water/waste exit through excretory pores

2.8. Nervous System

2.8.1. Anterior "brain"

2.8.2. Ventral nerve cord w segmented branches

2.8.3. Senses: receptors for light, moisture, temp, vibrations

2.9. Reproduction

2.9.1. Hermaphrodites

2.9.1.1. Doesn't self-fertilize

2.9.1.2. Each passes sperm to other worm's sperm receptacle

2.9.1.3. Mucus cocoon is secreted from clitellum

2.9.1.4. Rolls off anterior end

2.9.1.5. Collects eggs/sperm as it rolls -> Becomes egg capsule

2.10. Mesoderm

2.10.1. Body cavity fully lined w/ mesoderm: Permits organs to function: Coelomate

3. Arthropoda

3.1. Examples

3.1.1. Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans

3.2. Characteristics

3.2.1. Exoskeleton

3.2.2. Jointed Appendages

3.2.2.1. Adapted for different purposes: Catching, Swimming, Crawling, Walking, Sensing, Feeding

3.2.3. Segmented

3.3. Classes

3.3.1. Uniramia

3.3.1.1. Centipede

3.3.1.1.1. Body plan

3.3.1.2. Millipede

3.3.1.2.1. Body plan

3.3.1.3. Insect

3.3.1.3.1. Body plan

3.3.2. Crustacea

3.3.2.1. Crayfish

3.3.2.2. Body plan

3.3.2.2.1. 4 pairs of legs, 2 claws, 2 pairs of antennae

3.3.2.2.2. cephalothorax, abdomen

3.3.2.3. Sensing

3.3.2.3.1. 1st & 2nd antenna

3.3.2.4. Eating

3.3.2.4.1. Jaw, 1st & 2nd maxilla; 1st, 2nd, & 3rd maxilliped

3.3.2.5. Respiration

3.3.2.5.1. Gill & Gill separator

3.3.2.6. Movement

3.3.2.6.1. Walking leg, Swimmeret, Uropod, Telson

3.3.2.7. Sperm

3.3.2.7.1. 1st abdominal appendage of male: Transfer to female

3.3.3. Chelicerata

3.3.3.1. Ticks, Spiders, Scorpions, Horseshoe Crabs

3.3.3.2. Body plan

3.3.3.2.1. 4 pairs of legs, no antennae

3.3.3.2.2. Cheliceral: Fangs used to stab & poison

3.3.3.2.3. Cephalothorax, abdomen

3.4. Digestive system

3.4.1. Mouth-> Esophagus-> Stomach-> Intestine-> Anus

3.4.2. Stomach: 2 parts

3.4.2.1. Cardiac: Storage, Contains gastric mill

3.4.2.2. Pyloric: Digestion

3.5. Respiration

3.5.1. Gills: feathery; provides greater SA

3.5.2. Located under carapace, attached to walking legs

3.6. Circulation

3.6.1. Open: Hemolymph: Mixture of fluids + blood

3.6.2. Gills-> Heart-> Body sinuses-> Back to gills

3.7. Excretion

3.7.1. Green Glands

3.7.2. Anterior end

3.7.3. Remove nitrogenous waste & excess water

3.8. Nervous System

3.8.1. Anterior brain

3.8.2. Ventral nerve chord

3.8.3. Compound eyes

3.8.4. Sensory bristles

3.8.5. Statocyst: Fluid w/ sand

3.9. Reproduction

3.9.1. Dioecious

3.9.2. External fertilization

3.9.3. Female holds eggs in swimmerets

4. Mollusca

4.1. Classes

4.1.1. Bivalve

4.1.1.1. 2 shells

4.1.1.2. Muscles, clams, oysters

4.1.1.3. Filter feeders

4.1.1.4. Some burrow, some sessile, some "swim"

4.1.1.5. Defense

4.1.1.5.1. Close shell: Uses muscles to close

4.1.1.6. Reproduction

4.1.1.6.1. Dioecious

4.1.1.6.2. External fertilization

4.1.2. Gastropod

4.1.2.1. "Stomach-footed"

4.1.2.2. 1 shell (Spiral)

4.1.2.3. Conch, Cone snail, garden snail

4.1.2.4. Radula: "tongue" to scrape algae off of rocks and make holes in others' shells

4.1.2.5. Wave-like muscle contractions & secretes mucus

4.1.2.6. Defense

4.1.2.6.1. Shell

4.1.2.6.2. Operculum: Predator and drying out

4.1.2.7. Reproduction

4.1.2.7.1. Hermaphrodite

4.1.2.7.2. Internal fertilization

4.1.3. Cephalopod

4.1.3.1. "Head-footed"

4.1.3.2. No shells except squid-pen + chambered nautilus

4.1.3.3. Squid, Octopus, Chambered Nautilus

4.1.3.4. Radula inside beak; arms/tentacles capture prey

4.1.3.5. Jet propulsion; crawling

4.1.3.6. Defense

4.1.3.6.1. Ink: diffusion

4.1.3.6.2. Camoflauge

4.1.3.6.3. Escape

4.1.3.7. Reproduction

4.1.3.7.1. Dioecious

4.1.3.7.2. Internal fertilization

4.2. Characteristics

4.2.1. Soft body/Visceral Mass

4.2.2. Muscular foot

4.2.3. Hard shell

4.2.4. Mantle: Secrete shell, outer body of a squid

4.3. Systems (Digestion + Feeding)

4.3.1. Mouth-> Esophagus-> Stomach-> Intestine-> Anus

4.3.2. Twisted on inside: Adds more complexity

4.3.3. Coelomate

4.4. Respiration

4.4.1. Have gills

4.4.2. Gas diffuses from gill hearts into blood "vessels"

4.5. Circulation

4.5.1. Gastropod + Bivalve

4.5.1.1. Open Circulation- Not a cycle; Blood floats in with tissues

4.5.1.2. Hemolymph

4.5.1.2.1. Mixture of boy fluids + blood

4.5.2. Cephalopod

4.5.2.1. Closed system- All blood contained in vessels; no open space

4.5.2.2. 3 hearts: 1 for whole body, 2 for gill hearts

4.6. Excretion

4.6.1. Nephridia: Removes nitrogenous waste & excess water

5. Echinodermata

5.1. Examples

5.1.1. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins

5.2. Characteristics

5.2.1. Spiny skin

5.2.2. Endoskeleton

5.2.3. Radial Symmetry

5.2.4. Water Vascular System

5.3. Water Vascular System

5.3.1. Network of seawater-filled tubes

5.3.2. Functions: Help obtain food, circulation, & movement

5.3.3. One opening: Madreporite

5.3.4. Madreporite-> Stone canal-> Radial canal-> Ampulla-> Tube feet

5.4. Movement (Sea Star)

5.4.1. Pump water into tube feet

5.4.2. Extend and attach onto surface

5.4.3. Water flows out of tube feet + back through system

5.4.4. Tube feet shorten, pulling sea star forward

5.5. Symmetry

5.5.1. Radial

5.6. Classes

5.6.1. Sea Stars

5.6.1.1. Digestive System

5.6.1.1.1. Feed on clams, oysters, snails

5.6.1.1.2. Mouth on oral side

5.6.1.1.3. Stomach in central disc; digestive glands in arms

5.6.1.2. Respiration

5.6.1.2.1. Diffusion across skin of tube feet

5.6.1.2.2. Some also have tiny skin gills

5.6.1.3. Excretion

5.6.1.3.1. Diffusion across skin of tube feet + gills

5.6.1.4. Circulation

5.6.1.4.1. O2, metabolic waste carried by water vascular system, but no circulatory system

5.6.1.5. Nervous system

5.6.1.5.1. No brain

5.6.1.5.2. Nerve ring encircles mouth & connects w/ 5 radial nerves

5.6.1.5.3. Large sensory nerve network coordinates movement of spines/feet

5.6.1.5.4. Tips of arms have light sensitive eyespot + nerves to sense food/chemicals

5.6.1.6. Reproduction

5.6.1.6.1. Most dioecious

5.6.1.6.2. 2 gonads in each arm, open directly to outside

5.6.1.6.3. External ferilization

5.6.1.6.4. Some can regenerate

5.6.2. Brittle Stars

5.6.2.1. Small with 5 long, thin arms

5.6.2.2. Fragile

5.6.3. Sand Dollars + Urchins

5.6.3.1. Sand Dollars

5.6.3.1.1. Disk-shaped

5.6.3.1.2. Covered w/ tiny moveable spines

5.6.3.1.3. Sediment feeders

5.6.3.2. Urchins

5.6.3.2.1. Spherical

5.6.3.2.2. Sharp spines for defense

5.6.3.2.3. Grazers, sediment feeders, or scavengers

5.6.3.2.4. 5 part mouth

5.6.4. Sea Cucumbers

5.6.4.1. Tubular

5.6.4.2. 5 rows of tube feet

5.6.4.3. Sticky tentacle-like feet surround mouth

5.6.4.4. Eats organic debris in sand

5.6.4.5. Shoots thin tubules out of its anus when threatened; can eject entire digestive system

5.6.5. Sea Lilies + Feather Stars

5.6.5.1. Feather stars: Crinoids

5.6.5.2. Most ancient

5.6.5.3. Mouth on dorsal side

6. Chordata

6.1. 3 groups

6.1.1. Monotremes

6.1.1.1. Lay eggs

6.1.2. Marsupials

6.1.2.1. Have pouches

6.1.3. Placentals

6.1.3.1. Develops inside mother's body, gets nutrients via placenta

6.2. Examples

6.2.1. Fish

6.2.1.1. Cartelidge Skeleton

6.2.1.2. Sharks, skates, rays, bone fish

6.2.1.3. Live in water

6.2.1.4. Scales, fins, gills

6.2.1.5. External fertilization

6.2.1.6. Eggs allow gas exchange/waste removal

6.2.1.7. Circulatory System

6.2.1.7.1. Single pump

6.2.1.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Gills-> Body

6.2.1.7.3. Has 1 ventricle + 1 atrium

6.2.2. Amphibians

6.2.2.1. Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

6.2.2.2. Larvae + Adult Stage

6.2.2.3. 4 legs, body, tail

6.2.2.4. Gas exchange: Gills (larvae), lungs + skin (adult)

6.2.2.5. Skin must stay moist

6.2.2.6. External fertilization in moist environment

6.2.2.7. Circulatory System

6.2.2.7.1. Double pump

6.2.2.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body

6.2.2.7.3. Not efficient b/c blood can mix in ventricle

6.2.3. Reptiles

6.2.3.1. Alligators, crocodiles, turtles, lizards

6.2.3.2. Dry, scaly skin; shed skin

6.2.3.3. 4 legs, tail, lungs

6.2.3.4. Internal fertilization

6.2.3.5. Amniotic eggs

6.2.3.6. Fully terrestrial

6.2.3.7. Circulatory System

6.2.3.7.1. Double pump

6.2.3.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body

6.2.3.7.3. Partial wall helps make system in heart more efficient

6.2.4. Birds

6.2.4.1. Bald eagle, penguin, cardinal

6.2.4.2. Feathers, 2 legs, 2 wings

6.2.4.3. Amniotic eggs

6.2.4.4. Internal fertilization

6.2.4.5. Built for flight

6.2.4.6. Excretes uric acid

6.2.4.7. Circulatory System

6.2.4.7.1. Double pump

6.2.4.7.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body

6.2.4.7.3. Complete wall makes heart fully efficient, no mixture

6.2.5. Mammals

6.2.5.1. Platypus, echidna, kangaroo, humans, bears

6.2.5.2. Fur

6.2.5.3. Produce milk for young

6.2.5.4. Internal fertilization

6.2.5.5. Circulatory System

6.2.5.5.1. Double pump

6.2.5.5.2. Blood-> Heart-> Lungs-> Heart-> Body

6.2.5.5.3. Complete wall makes heart fully efficient, no mixture

6.3. Characteristics

6.3.1. Notochord: Becomes vertebrae of backbone

6.3.2. Dorsal nerve chord become spinal chord

6.3.3. Post-anal tail

6.3.4. Gill slits not present in mammals after embryo

6.4. Transition to Land

6.4.1. Amniotic eggs

6.4.1.1. Reptiles + Birds: Waterproof shell, won't dry out, yolk is food supply, waste disposal sac

6.4.2. Waterproof skin

6.4.2.1. So animal doesn't dry out

6.4.3. Legs

6.4.3.1. Tetrapod: 4-legged

6.4.3.2. Amphibians: Legs out to side, crawl on belly

6.4.3.3. Reptiles: Legs out to side, can lift body off ground

6.4.3.4. Mammal: Legs fully underneath, faster

6.4.4. Fully developed lungs

6.4.4.1. Moist gas exchange surface protected within body-> Lungs

6.4.4.2. Don't need to use skin to supplement O2 in, CO2 out

6.5. Definitons

6.5.1. Ectotherm

6.5.1.1. Can't maintain constant internal body temp; cold-blooded

6.5.1.2. Fish, amphibians, reptiles

6.5.1.3. Pros/Cons

6.5.1.3.1. Pro: Requires less food

6.5.1.3.2. Con: Limited geographical distribution

6.5.2. Endotherm

6.5.2.1. Can maintain constant internal body temp

6.5.2.2. Birds, mammals

6.5.2.3. Pros/Cons

6.5.2.3.1. Pro: Can adapt to wide range of environments

6.5.2.3.2. Con: Requires lots more food

7. Protists

7.1. Characteristics

7.1.1. Muti or unicellular

7.1.2. No tissues

7.2. Metabolism

7.2.1. Phototrophs

7.2.1.1. Gets energy from sun

7.2.1.2. Kelp, dinoflagellate

7.2.2. Organotrophs

7.2.2.1. Feeds on organisms

7.2.2.2. Amoeba

7.3. Reproduction

7.3.1. Asexual

7.3.1.1. Binary fission

7.3.2. Sexual

7.3.2.1. Conjugation

7.3.3. Both

7.3.3.1. Has asexual + sexual portion of life

7.4. Diversity

7.4.1. Kelp Forest

7.4.2. Diatones

7.4.2.1. Converts silicone to glass

7.4.3. Vulvox

7.4.3.1. Large colony of cells

7.4.4. Ciliate

7.4.4.1. Cilia

8. Eukaryota (General)

8.1. Animals

8.1.1. Evolution

8.1.1.1. Cambrian Explosion 50M ya

8.1.2. Characteristics

8.1.2.1. Muticellular

8.1.2.2. Motile (moveable)

8.1.2.3. Heterotrophs

8.1.2.4. No Cell Walls

8.1.2.5. Blastula

8.1.3. Invertabrates

8.1.3.1. No tissue

8.1.3.1.1. Sponges

8.1.3.2. Tissue

8.1.3.2.1. Radial Symmetry

8.1.3.2.2. Bilateral Symmetry

8.1.4. Vertebrates

8.1.4.1. Lanceletes

8.1.4.1.1. Head

8.1.4.2. Lamphreys

8.1.4.2.1. Jaws

8.1.4.3. Cartilage fish

8.1.4.3.1. Lungs

8.1.4.4. Bony fish

8.1.4.4.1. Lobed-fins

8.1.4.5. Lobe-finned fish

8.1.4.5.1. Legs

8.1.4.6. Amphibians

8.1.4.6.1. Legs

8.1.4.7. Reptiles

8.1.4.7.1. Amniotic Eggs

8.1.4.8. Mammals

8.1.4.8.1. Milk

9. Kingom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

9.1. King Puts Cookies On Fat Guy's Stomach

10. Porifera

10.1. Examples

10.1.1. Sponges

10.2. Symmetry

10.2.1. Asymmetrical

10.3. Gas Exchange

10.3.1. Diffusion

10.4. Excretion

10.4.1. Diffusion

10.5. Feeding

10.5.1. Filter Feed

10.5.1.1. Water enters pore, flows through tunnels, exits through osculum

10.5.1.2. Water brings in food, oxygen, removes CO2, nitrogenous wastes

10.5.1.3. Cells trap plankton

10.6. Structure

10.6.1. Pore Bearers

10.6.2. Sessile-doesn't move

10.6.3. Vase-like body surrounding hollow cylinder

10.6.4. Cells

10.6.4.1. Different types, but not organized into tissues

10.6.4.1.1. Epithelial Cells: "Skin"

10.6.4.1.2. Choanocytes: "Collar"

10.6.4.1.3. Archaeocytes: "Stem cell"

10.6.4.2. No organs, nerve, skin, and muscle tissue

10.6.5. Skeleton

10.6.5.1. Spicules-Hard

10.6.5.2. Spongin

10.6.5.2.1. Soft Protein Material

10.7. Reproduction

10.7.1. Asexual

10.7.1.1. Budding: Bud can detach and form into new sponge

10.7.1.2. Can regenerate

10.7.1.3. Gemmules (freshwater): Dormant mass of archaeocytes

10.7.1.4. "Hibernate" in drought of freezing

11. Cnidaria

11.1. Classes

11.1.1. Schyphozoans

11.1.1.1. Body: Medusa

11.1.1.2. Examples: Jellyfish

11.1.2. Hydrozan

11.1.2.1. Body: Polyp

11.1.2.2. Examples: Hydra, Portuguese man-o-war

11.1.3. Anthozoan

11.1.3.1. Body: Polyp

11.1.3.2. Examples: Sea anemone

11.2. Structure

11.2.1. Two Body Styles

11.2.1.1. Polyp: Sessile, cup shaped

11.2.1.2. Medusa: Free-floating; bell-shaped

11.2.2. Gastrodermis

11.2.2.1. Layers of specialized cells that line the gastrovascular cavity

11.2.3. Gastrovascular cavity

11.2.3.1. Digests/Absorbs food

11.2.4. Mouth

11.2.4.1. For eating and releasing undigested food

11.2.5. Mesoglea

11.2.5.1. Jelly-like layer provides support

11.2.6. Epidermis

11.2.6.1. Cells from outer, protective layer

11.2.6.2. Has contracting cells (like muscles)

11.2.7. Tentacle

11.2.7.1. For catching prey

11.2.8. Stinging cells

11.2.8.1. Cnidocyte contains nematocysts (stinging harpoons)

11.3. Symmetry

11.3.1. Radial: Splits in half infinitely; no head

11.3.2. Bilateral: Split in half; has head

11.4. Feeding + Digestion

11.4.1. Gland cells

11.4.1.1. Release digestive enzymes

11.4.2. Flagellated cells

11.4.2.1. Cells move around, to keep it from settling to bottom

11.4.3. Amoeboid

11.4.3.1. Cells transfer nutrients to other cells

11.5. Reproduction

11.5.1. Sexual

11.5.1.1. Polyp and Medusa body styles

11.5.2. Asexual

11.5.2.1. Budding

11.6. Gas Exchange

11.6.1. O2 diffusion in; CO2 out

11.7. Circulation

11.7.1. None; rely on diffusion

11.8. Excretion

11.8.1. Diffusion (no poop)

11.9. Response

11.9.1. Nerve net

11.10. Movement

11.10.1. Jet Propultion

12. Platyhelminthes

12.1. Classes

12.1.1. Turbellaria

12.1.1.1. Examples: Planarians, flatworms

12.1.1.2. Free living (not parasitic)

12.1.1.3. Mostly scavengers or predatory carnivores

12.1.2. Trematoda

12.1.2.1. Examples: Liver flukes

12.1.2.2. Parasitic

12.1.2.3. Tough outer covering

12.1.2.4. Infects internal organs or blood of host

12.1.3. Cestoda

12.1.3.1. Examples: Tapeworms

12.1.3.2. Parasitic: Lives in small intestine

12.1.3.3. No mouth and digestive tract

12.1.3.4. Absorbs food through body walls

12.1.3.5. Attaches to intestine w/ hooks + suckers on scolex

12.1.3.6. Mature segments (proglottids) @ posterior end break off an exit, full of eggs + sperm

12.1.3.7. Can be several feet long

12.2. Characteristics

12.2.1. Cephalization: All senses in head

12.2.2. 3 body layers

12.2.2.1. Ectoderm

12.2.2.1.1. Skin + Nervous System

12.2.2.2. Mesoderm

12.2.2.2.1. Everything in between

12.2.2.2.2. Solid tissue; no body cavity; aceolomate

12.2.2.3. Endoderm

12.2.2.3.1. Digestive Ststem

12.3. Body orientation

12.3.1. Anterior: Head

12.3.2. Dorsal: Back

12.3.3. Ventral: Stomach

12.3.4. Posterior: Rear

12.4. Feeding + Digestion

12.4.1. Single opening on ventral side

12.4.1.1. Food enters; solid waste leaves

12.4.2. Extend pharynx to suck in food

12.4.3. Branched digestive cavity extends length of body

12.5. Reproduction

12.5.1. Sexual

12.5.1.1. Hermaphrodites: One deposits sperm under skin of other

12.5.2. Asexual

12.5.2.1. Can regenerate lost parts; Cut one into 2 -> Both grow

12.6. Gas Exchange + Circulation

12.6.1. Diffusion

12.7. Nervous System

12.7.1. No true brain: Concentration of ganglia @ anterior end

12.7.2. Sensory Receptors: Eyespots - can sense light

12.8. Excretion

12.8.1. Flame cells (small bulb-like cilia) collect waste and excess water in ducts throughout body

12.8.2. Excretory Pores: Waste/Water leave through pores

12.9. Movement

12.9.1. Uses cilia on ventral surface for sliding

12.9.2. Muscles for twisting/turning

12.9.3. Marine (ocean dwelling)