1. Unit 1
1.1. Module 1
1.1.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
1.1.1.1. Matter
1.1.1.1.1. Matter are particles that make up everything in the universe, they can take up solid, liquid, and gas forms.
1.1.1.2. Solid State
1.1.1.2.1. Solid State is matter with a definite shape and volume, the particles within solids are closer together and vibrate in place.
1.1.1.3. Liquid State
1.1.1.3.1. Liquid State is matrter with a definite volume but not a definite shape, the particles are close together, move around, and collide with each other.
1.1.1.4. Gas State
1.1.1.4.1. Gas State is matter without a definite shape of volume, the particles are wideley spaced and move around randomly at high speeds.
1.1.1.5. Kinetic Energy
1.1.1.5.1. Kinetic Energy is the energy a object has due to its motion, faster particles = more kinetic energy it has.
1.1.1.6. Temperature
1.1.1.6.1. Temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy of the particles in a material. High Kinetic energy = higher temperature.
1.1.1.7. Thermometer
1.1.1.7.1. A Thermometer is a tool used to measure the average kinetic energy or speed of particles (Celsuis, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin).
1.1.1.8. Kelvin Scale
1.1.1.8.1. Kelvin Scale is used to predict what temperature particles would stop all movement (Absolute 0 = -273 C).
1.1.1.9. Potential Energy
1.1.1.9.1. Potenial energy is energy that is stored in particles due to their interactions. The father apart particles are from one another, the greater the potenial energy and the weaker the attraction.
1.1.1.10. Thermal Energy
1.1.1.10.1. Thermal energy is the motion of particles and the distance and attraction between particles. High temperature mean more thermal energy and gases contain more thermal energy.
1.1.1.11. Atoms
1.1.1.11.1. Atoms are particles that make up all matter.
1.1.1.12. Substance
1.1.1.12.1. Substances are matter with a composition that is always the same.
1.1.1.13. Elements
1.1.1.13.1. Elements are one type of substance made up of only one kind of atom.
1.1.1.14. Compound
1.1.1.14.1. Compounds are 2 or more elements bonded together.
1.1.1.15. Molecule
1.1.1.15.1. Molecules is a compound that has a specific element ratio.
1.1.1.16. Periodic Table of Elements
1.1.1.16.1. Are Periodic Table of Elements is a Table used to organize all known elements that we found in the universe.
1.1.1.17. Element Symbols
1.1.1.17.1. Element Symbols are symbols used to represent elements, they yell you how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are within the atom of a particular element.
1.1.1.18. Chemical Formula
1.1.1.18.1. A Chemical Formula is a group of chemical symbols and numbers that represent the elements and the number of atoms in each element to make up a compound.
1.1.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
1.1.2.1. Jacques Charles
1.1.2.1.1. Jacques Charles was a French scientist who described the relationship between temperature and volume of gas, this is known as Charles Law.
1.1.2.2. Volume Temperature Law
1.1.2.2.1. Volume Temperature Law is the law where volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is the same. Volume decreases with decreasing temperature. More energy = faster gas particles move.
1.1.2.3. Thermal Contraction
1.1.2.3.1. Decrease in Volume = Temperature decreases
1.1.2.4. Thermal Expansion
1.1.2.4.1. Increases in Volume = Temperature increases
1.1.2.5. Heating
1.1.2.5.1. The transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region lower
1.1.2.6. Systems
1.1.2.6.1. The objects or materials involved in the transfer of energy. There are 2 different systems, a open and closed system. In a open system, energy is released into the environment and in a close system, no energy is being released into the environment
1.1.2.7. Pressure
1.1.2.7.1. Pressure is the amount of force per unit area applied to an object's surface, this is created by the number of collisions of the air particles which is called air pressure.
1.1.2.8. Phase Change
1.1.2.8.1. Phase Change is when one state of matter changes to another.
1.1.2.9. Melting
1.1.2.9.1. Things melt when particles in a solid gain energy until they break apart from other particles, this is known as a substances "Melting Point".
1.1.2.10. Freezing
1.1.2.10.1. Things freeze when particles in a liquid change into a solid because when enough thermal energy is removed, it freezes slowing down the particles. This is known as a substances "Freezing Point".
1.1.2.11. Condensation
1.1.2.11.1. Condensation is when enough energy is removed from a gas that it condenses and turns into a liquid. Particles slow down until their attractive forces keep them together.
1.1.2.12. Vaporization
1.1.2.12.1. Vaporization occurs when a liquid is given enough thermal energy that the particles move to overcome the forces holding them together to make it into a gas. The temperature needed to vaporize liquids into gas is called the Boiling Point.
1.1.2.13. Boiling vs. Evaporation
1.1.2.13.1. Evaporation is vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid.
1.1.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
1.1.3.1. Robert Boyle
1.1.3.1.1. Robert Boyle was a British Scientist who discovered the relationship between volume and the pressure of gases.
1.1.3.2. Boyles Law
1.1.3.2.1. Boyles Law is when volume decreases, and pressure increases and when pressure increases, volume decreases. Boyles Law occurs becase
1.1.3.3. Pressure and Number of Particles
1.1.3.3.1. When there is a increase in particles, more collisions occur between them. therefore increasing the pressure.
1.1.3.4. Pressure and State of Matter
1.1.3.4.1. When air is removed, pressure is lowered. This allows the liquids particles to change states of matter with less energy.
1.1.4. Lesson 4 - Vocabulary
1.1.4.1. Molecules
1.1.4.1.1. Molecules are a group of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit.
1.1.4.2. Nonmetal Gases
1.1.4.2.1. Most nonmetals are gases at room temperature, they're either individual atoms or diatomic molecules, where there are two atoms of the same. Nonmetal gases have large spaces which doesn't allow them to conduct electricity or thermal energy. Nonmetal gases also have high potential and kinetic energy.
1.1.4.3. Nonmetal Solids
1.1.4.3.1. Nonmetal Solids are individual atoms of the same type that are connected to form a extended structure. Nonmetal Solids are poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy and have low potential and kinetic energy.
1.1.4.4. Metals
1.1.4.4.1. Metals are shiny at room temperature and malleable so they can slide past each other without breaking. Metals allow electric and thermal energy to move between and have very high melting and boiling points.
1.1.4.5. Ionic Compounds
1.1.4.5.1. Ionic Compounds are bonds that form between atoms of opposite charges. This is when one of the electrons leaves one element, and joins the other element.
1.1.4.6. Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.6.1. Covalent Compounds are bonds that form between atoms of opposite charges. This is when electrons are shared between the two atoms instead of giving them away.
1.1.4.7. Polar Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.7.1. Polar Covalent Compounds are compounds with one side that is slightly postivitely charged and one side with a negative charge.
1.1.4.8. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.8.1. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds are compounds that are neutral in terms of charge difference and do not pull in one direction or another.
1.1.4.9. Dissolving
1.1.4.9.1. Polar molecules will dissolve with polar molecules and nonpolar molecules will dissolve with nonpolar molecules
1.2. Module 2
1.2.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
1.2.1.1. Qualitative Characteristics
1.2.1.1.1. Qualatative Characteristics are characteristics that you can observe (Color, Gender, Marrige Status).
1.2.1.2. Quantitative Characteristics
1.2.1.2.1. Quantitative characteristics are characteristics that you can measure (Mass, Density, Height).
1.2.1.3. Mass
1.2.1.3.1. Mass is the amount of matter within a substance thats often measured in kilograms and grams.
1.2.1.4. Weight
1.2.1.4.1. Weight is not mass but directly related to the mass of an object, and dependant on gravity.
1.2.1.5. Volume
1.2.1.5.1. Volume is the amount of space a substance takes up thats often measured in cubic centimeters, liters, and millileters.
1.2.1.6. Density
1.2.1.6.1. Density is the ratio of a object's mass to it's volume and is the compactness of a object.
1.2.1.7. Chemcial Properties
1.2.1.7.1. Chemical properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed as it changes states of matter (Flammabillity, Oxidation, Reactivity).
1.2.1.8. Flammability
1.2.1.8.1. Flammability is the ability of a type of matter to burn easily.
1.2.1.9. Oxidation
1.2.1.9.1. Oxidation is when substances turn into dust (Substances like Metal) which usually is indicated with a color change.
1.2.1.10. Reactivity
1.2.1.10.1. Reactivity is when a substance reacts with another substance to form a new one.
1.2.1.11. Solubillity
1.2.1.11.1. Solubility is how well a substance can dissolve with another.
1.2.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
1.2.2.1. Chemical Change
1.2.2.1.1. When matter changes into another substance with different chemical and physical properties.
1.2.2.2. Chemical Reactions
1.2.2.2.1. Old bonds breaking and new bonds form when two or more substances react together.
1.2.2.3. Chemical Equations
1.2.2.3.1. Chemical equations are a way to show chemical changes.
1.2.2.4. Products
1.2.2.4.1. Products are the substances after a chemical reaction.
1.2.2.5. Reactants
1.2.2.5.1. Reactants are the starting substances before a chemical reaction.
1.2.2.6. Coefficients
1.2.2.6.1. Coefficient are numbers placed in front of an element symbols or chemical formula in an equation.
1.2.2.7. Antoine Lavoisier
1.2.2.7.1. Antoine Lavoisier was a scientist born in 1743 and died in 1794 that was able to show mass was conserved in chemical reactions.
1.2.2.8. Law of conservation of mass
1.2.2.8.1. The number of atoms involved in a chemical reaction is the same before and after the chemical reaction happens, the mass stays the same.
1.2.2.9. Atomic Mass
1.2.2.9.1. Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons an elements has.
1.2.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
1.2.3.1. Chemical Potential Energy
1.2.3.1.1. Chemical Potential Energy is when energy is released when atoms form bonds, the amount of energy released is dependant on the type of bond.
1.2.3.2. Endothermic Reaction
1.2.3.2.1. Endothermic Reactions is when more energy is required to break the bonds of the reactants than is released when products form. Endothermic Reaction = Cold Product.
1.2.3.3. Exothermic Reaction
1.2.3.3.1. Exothermic Reactions is when more energy is releaed when the products form than is required to break the bonds in the reactants. Exothermic Reaction = Warm Product.
1.2.3.4. Concentration in reactions
1.2.3.4.1. Concentrations in Reactions is when concentration increases the collisions of the particles. Increase Concentration = Faster Reaction Rate.
1.2.3.5. Law of conservation of energy
1.2.3.5.1. Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be made or destroyed, only transferred.
2. Unit 2
2.1. Module 1
2.1.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
2.1.1.1. Alfred Wegener
2.1.1.1.1. Scientist that hypothesized continental drift.
2.1.1.2. Pangea
2.1.1.2.1. Pangea was all 7 continents joined into one single super continent which later drifted apart.
2.1.1.3. Continental Drift
2.1.1.3.1. Continental Drift is when Earth's continents slowly drifts away from each other.
2.1.1.4. Rock Formation Evidence
2.1.1.4.1. Rock formations are large geologic structures such as mountain ranges that were seperated as continents drifted apart. Evidence are volcanic rocks showing identical chemistry and age.
2.1.1.5. Glacial Features Evidence
2.1.1.5.1. Glacical grooves were found beneath sediments of different continents
2.1.1.6. Coal Deposit Evidence
2.1.1.6.1. Coal Deposits in Antartica show that the continent once had a tropical climate meaning that Antartica was close to the equator in the past.
2.1.1.7. Fossil Evidence
2.1.1.7.1. Fossils are shown across continents that were once close together but now far apart.
2.1.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
2.1.2.1. Ocean Floor Topography
2.1.2.1.1. Data scientists gathered about the map of the sea floor, it was done by using sonar technology.
2.1.2.2. Mid Ocean Ridges
2.1.2.2.1. Vast mountain ranges deep below the ocean's surface.
2.1.2.3. Ocean Trenches
2.1.2.3.1. Deep underwater troughs on the sea floor, a example of this is the Mariana Trench the deepest trench.
2.1.2.4. Isochron Maps
2.1.2.4.1. Maps that show the age of the ocean floor.
2.1.2.5. Seafloor Spreading
2.1.2.5.1. Seafloor Spreading is the process of new oceanic crust is continuously forms along mid ocean ridges and is destroyed at ocean trenches.
2.1.2.6. Magma
2.1.2.6.1. Magma is molten rock below the Earth's surface and is less dense than the surrounding rocks so it rises up
2.1.2.7. Lava
2.1.2.7.1. Lava is magma that has erupted onto Earth's surface.
2.1.2.8. Plate Tectonic
2.1.2.8.1. Rigid slabs of rock that move with respect to one another that make up Earth's surface.
2.1.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
2.1.3.1. Convergent Boundary
2.1.3.1.1. When two plates move toward each other.
2.1.3.2. Divergent Boundary
2.1.3.2.1. When two plates move apart from each other.
2.1.3.3. Transform Boundary
2.1.3.3.1. When plates slide horizontally past each other.
2.1.3.4. Subduction
2.1.3.4.1. When the leading edge of a plate is folded upward.
2.1.3.5. Fault
2.1.3.5.1. A break in the Earth's crust along which movement occurs.
2.1.3.6. Fault Block Mountains
2.1.3.6.1. Plates move apart causing the tension of the Earth's crust to stretch creating mountains.
2.1.3.7. Volcano
2.1.3.7.1. A vent in Earth's crust through which molten rock flows.
2.1.3.8. Volcano Arc
2.1.3.8.1. Volcanoes that emerge as islands that is a curved line parallel to a plate boundary.
2.1.3.9. Earthquake
2.1.3.9.1. Rupture and sudden movement along the Earth's crust causes buildup and rapid release of stress in the plate boundaries.
2.1.3.10. Fault Zone
2.1.3.10.1. Areas of many large fractured pieces of crust along a large fault.
2.1.3.11. Landslide
2.1.3.11.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders
2.1.3.12. Tsunami
2.1.3.12.1. A wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large volume of water.
2.1.3.13. Impact Crater
2.1.3.13.1. Craters made from meteroids from space striking the Earth's surface.
2.1.4. Lesson 4 - Vocabulary
2.1.4.1. Physical Weathering
2.1.4.1.1. When rocks break into pieces changing size and shape but not their composition.
2.1.4.2. Frost Wedging
2.1.4.2.1. The mechanical disintegration, splitting or break-up of rock by the pressure of water freezing in cracks, crevices, pores, joints or bedding planes.
2.1.4.3. Plant Action
2.1.4.3.1. With plant growth the root system will increase in volume and cause cracks in the rock to expand.
2.1.4.4. Abrasion
2.1.4.4.1. When ice, water, or wind causes sediments to have collisions with other rocks.
2.1.4.5. Wind Abrasion
2.1.4.5.1. Wind abrasion is similar to sandblasting and slowly weathers the rock down.
2.1.4.6. Water Abrasion
2.1.4.6.1. Water produces rounded fragments as the sediments are rolled and bounced along the stream bottom.
2.1.4.7. Glacial Abrasion
2.1.4.7.1. Glacial Abrasion occurs when sediments are trapped within the ice and scrape against the bedrock.
2.1.4.8. Chemical Weathering
2.1.4.8.1. When agents of weathering chemically change the composition of a rock.
2.1.4.9. Oxidation
2.1.4.9.1. Oxygen combines with minerals to form oxides.
2.1.4.10. Hydrolysis
2.1.4.10.1. Minerals absorb water and chemically change the composition of the material
2.1.4.11. Carbonation
2.1.4.11.1. When pollutants like Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen & Sulfuric Oxides mix with rain water creating acid rain, which can dissolve limestone.
2.1.4.12. Erosion
2.1.4.12.1. The process by which the products of weathering, such as sediment, are transported from one location to another.
2.1.4.13. Deposition
2.1.4.13.1. The laying down or settling of eroded material
2.1.4.14. Small Scale Erosion
2.1.4.14.1. Small amounts of sediment being moved constantly to provide ecosystem stability.
2.1.4.15. Surface runoff
2.1.4.15.1. When water flows over the Earth’s surface.
2.1.4.16. Coastal Erosion
2.1.4.16.1. Beach, dunes and vegetation is taken away by waves and wind.
2.1.4.17. Large Scale Erosion
2.1.4.17.1. Sudden movements of large amounts of sediment. This can wipe out whole ecosystems and make room for new ones to grow.
2.1.4.18. Mass Wasting
2.1.4.18.1. When a large mass of sediment or rock moves down a slope under the influence of gravity.
2.1.4.19. Glacial Movement
2.1.4.19.1. Huge blocks of ice that slowly move across land.
2.1.5. Lesson 5 - Vocabulary
2.1.5.1. Rock
2.1.5.1.1. The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans.
2.1.5.2. Mineral
2.1.5.2.1. A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
2.1.5.3. Crystallization
2.1.5.3.1. The process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase.
2.1.5.4. Igneous extrusive rock
2.1.5.4.1. Produced when magma exits and cools above the Earth's surface.
2.1.5.5. Igneous intrusive rock
2.1.5.5.1. Magma is insulated by solid rock and therefore cool slowly making Intrusive rocks.
2.1.5.6. Sedimentary rock
2.1.5.6.1. Types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation.
2.1.5.7. Lithification
2.1.5.7.1. Complex process whereby freshly deposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock.
2.1.5.8. Compaction
2.1.5.8.1. The exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.
2.1.5.9. Cementation
2.1.5.9.1. Hardening and welding of clastic sediments by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces.
2.1.5.10. Metamorphic rock
2.1.5.10.1. Formed when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors.
2.2. Module 2
2.2.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
2.2.1.1. Earthquakes and plate boundaries
2.2.1.1.1. Earthquakes result from the buildup and release of stress along active plate boundaries.
2.2.1.2. Richter Magnitude scale
2.2.1.2.1. Numerical rating system that measures the energy or magnitude of the largest seismic waves produced by an earthquake.
2.2.1.3. Earthquake magnitude scale
2.2.1.3.1. Richter scale begins at zero, without an upper limit to the scale. Each increase of 1 unit on the scale represents ten times the amount of ground motion of a seismic wave.
2.2.1.4. Moment magnitude scale
2.2.1.4.1. A rating scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake. This takes into account the size, motion, and strength of the fault.
2.2.1.5. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
2.2.1.5.1. This measures an earthquake's intensity based on the descriptions of the earthquakes effects on people and structures.
2.2.1.6. Pancaking
2.2.1.6.1. Supporting walls of the ground floor of a building fail and cause the upper floors to collapse.
2.2.1.7. Liquefaction
2.2.1.7.1. Soil under the buildings causes the building to sink into it and collapse
2.2.1.8. Landslide
2.2.1.8.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
2.2.1.9. Tsunami
2.2.1.9.1. Large ocean wave generated by vertical motion of the seafloor during an earthquake.
2.2.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
2.2.2.1. Volcano Belts
2.2.2.1.1. Volcanoes form at active plate boundaries. There are two major belts. One is the Ring of Fire, and the other is the Alpide belt.
2.2.2.2. Hot Spots
2.2.2.2.1. Volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries are hot spots.
2.2.2.3. Mudflows
2.2.2.3.1. Melted snow and ice with ash, sometimes are called lahars.
2.2.2.4. Lava flows
2.2.2.4.1. Slow moving lava that hardens as it cools down.
2.2.2.5. Volcanic Ash
2.2.2.5.1. Volcanic ash can disrupt air traffic, damage crops, and air quality
2.2.2.6. Volcanic Gases
2.2.2.6.1. Dissolved gases in magma such as sulfer dioxide and tons of CO2.
2.2.2.7. Pyroclastic Flows
2.2.2.7.1. Fast moving avalanches of hot gas, ash and rock.
2.2.2.8. Predicting volcanoes - Gas
2.2.2.8.1. Gases are collected in vents, certain gases are warnings.
2.2.2.9. Predicting volcanoes - Deformation
2.2.2.9.1. Ground will begin to change close to eruption.
2.2.2.10. Predicting volcanoes - Ground Vibration
2.2.2.10.1. Earthquake is an indicator of an impending implosion.
2.2.2.11. Predicting volcanoes - Remote Sensing
2.2.2.11.1. Remote sensing can show how much heat a volcano is emitting
2.2.2.12. Predicting volcanoes - Lava Collection
2.2.2.12.1. Collection of samples to analyze composition, heat.
2.2.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
2.2.3.1. Hurricane
2.2.3.1.1. Intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h, usually starts near West coast of Northern Africa because of warm ocean water and humid air.
2.2.3.2. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
2.2.3.2.1. Scale based off wind strength and damage caused by hurricanes, ranked from 1-5.
2.2.3.3. Tornado
2.2.3.3.1. Violent whirling column of air in contact with the ground, occurs everywhere but most common in the US.
2.2.3.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale
2.2.3.4.1. Scale developed to classify tornadoes based on the damage they cause, scale ranges from 1-5.
2.2.3.5. Flood
2.2.3.5.1. This occurs when a large volume of water overflows its boundaries, caused by powerful storms or persistent rains
2.2.3.6. Drought
2.2.3.6.1. Extended period of well below average rainfall. High pressure weather systems sinking air blocking moisture from forming into clouds, most common in the summer due to the heat.
2.2.3.7. Drought hazard - soil erosion
2.2.3.7.1. If plants die because of a lack of water, the top layer of soil can be removed by wind.
2.2.3.8. Drought hazard - wildfires
2.2.3.8.1. Lightning strikes can start these during dry conditions. These cause extensive amount of damage to the ecosystems.
2.2.3.9. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply
2.2.3.9.1. Water levels in streams rivers and reservoirs will shrink during times of drought.
2.2.3.10. Drought hazard - agricultural impact
2.2.3.10.1. Dry conditions cause limited water supply for animals and crop irrigation. This can affect harvests and food prices.
2.2.3.11. Meteorologists
2.2.3.11.1. Meteorologists are scientists who study weather. They will try to predict them using data that is collected from all over the world.
3. Unit 3
3.1. Module 1
3.1.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
3.1.1.1. Natural resource
3.1.1.1.1. Something on Earth that living things need in order to live.
3.1.1.2. Ores
3.1.1.2.1. Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined for profit
3.1.1.3. Renewable Resources
3.1.1.3.1. Resources that can be replaced by natural processes in a short amount of time.
3.1.1.4. Nonrenewable resources
3.1.1.4.1. Natural resources that are used up faster than they can be replaced.
3.1.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
3.1.2.1. Hydrothermal deposits
3.1.2.1.1. Deposits for metallic minerals, formed when minerals crystalize from fluids that react to rocks.
3.1.2.2. Subduction Zones
3.1.2.2.1. Areas where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another.
3.1.2.3. Distribution of minerals
3.1.2.3.1. Many deposits form at the bottom of the ocean floor, with rocks that are uplifted to become dry land.
3.1.2.4. Soil
3.1.2.4.1. Loose, weathered material that comes primarily from the breakdown of rocks.
3.1.2.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
3.1.2.5.1. Parent Material, Climate, Topography, Living Things, and Time.
3.1.2.6. Formation of Coal
3.1.2.6.1. Coal comes from dead plants that are buried into the ground and compacted into dense, hardened material.
3.1.2.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
3.1.2.7.1. Oil and natural gas comes from dead animals that buried into the ground and broken down. The liquids left behind is oil, and if greater pressure is applied thhey can turn into gas that is trapped underneath the surface.
3.1.2.8. Porosity
3.1.2.8.1. The amount of pore space in a material, greater it is, the more water can be stored into there.
3.1.2.9. Permeability
3.1.2.9.1. The measure of water's ability to flow through sediment and rock.
3.1.2.10. Groundwater
3.1.2.10.1. Freshwater beneath the earth's surface.
3.1.2.11. Groundwater distribution
3.1.2.11.1. Supplies are limited to the water cycle, with rainfall bringing water from large oceans and circulating them.
3.1.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
3.1.3.1. Mining
3.1.3.1.1. Process by which valuable resources are removed from Earth, such as metals, stones, and diamonds
3.1.3.2. Dwindling Deposits
3.1.3.2.1. Population growth and industrialization increases the demand for minerals. This is non renewable which means there is only a finite amount.
3.1.3.3. Mineral Supplies
3.1.3.3.1. Supplies for minerals have been prolonged because scientists have found better ways to locate deposits and to extract more minerals from the low grade supplies at hand.
3.1.3.4. Fossil fuel extraction
3.1.3.4.1. Deposits are collected by drilling down into the ground.
3.1.3.5. Groundwater overdraft
3.1.3.5.1. Groundwater overdraft is where groundwater withdrawn from aquifers are unable to be replaced from excessive pumping.
3.2. Module 2
3.2.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
3.2.1.1. Material
3.2.1.1.1. Matter from which a substance can be made.
3.2.1.2. Natural Material
3.2.1.2.1. Physical matter that is obtained from plants, animals, or the ground
3.2.1.3. Synthetic Material
3.2.1.3.1. Created/modified in a chemical lab or factory through chemical reactions.
3.2.1.4. Reactants to Products
3.2.1.4.1. All synthetic materials are the results of chemical reactions. An example is polymerization.
3.2.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
3.2.2.1. Natural Resource Availability
3.2.2.1.1. Natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world. Some countries, such as China, have large sources of iron ore, whereas Russia has large amounts of timber.
3.2.2.2. Synthetic Material Production
3.2.2.2.1. Countries that have access to natural materials will be much more readily able to make synthetic materials from these resources.
3.2.2.3. Individual and Societal impacts
3.2.2.3.1. Synthetic materials can change the society that it is manufactured in. An example is ethanol, which can be mixed with gasoline.
3.2.2.4. By-products
3.2.2.4.1. These are secondary products that result from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction.
4. Unit 4
4.1. Module 1
4.1.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
4.1.1.1. Photosynthesis
4.1.1.1.1. Series of chemical reactions that will convert water, CO2, and light into sugar and oxygen.
4.1.1.2. Epidermal leaf cells
4.1.1.2.1. The outer most layer of plant cells is called the epidermal layer
4.1.1.3. Cuticle
4.1.1.3.1. The outer layer of leaf cells produces a waxy covering called the cuticle
4.1.1.4. Stomata
4.1.1.4.1. These are found on the bottom of plant leaves and allow the passage of CO2, water vapor, and oxygen
4.1.1.5. Mesophyll Cells
4.1.1.5.1. Two kinds of mesophyll cells inside of the leaf.
4.1.1.6. Chloroplasts
4.1.1.6.1. These are the organelles of the plant cells that are responsible for absorbing light. They contain pigments, which are chemicals used to absorb light.
4.1.1.7. Chlorophyll A and B
4.1.1.7.1. Chlorophyll A and B are pigments that are responsible for absorbing light. Plants appear green because these pigments absorb all the colors on the visible spectrum except for the green wavelengths.
4.1.1.8. Light Cycle
4.1.1.8.1. During the daytime, light is absorbed by chlorophyll A and B, found in chloroplasts, found in leaf cells, on the plant. The light absorbed is used to split water, H2O, into Hydrogen and Oxygen. The oxygen is released by the plant, it is a waste product for them. The hydrogen is stored as energy, to be used at night time.
4.1.1.9. Night Cycle
4.1.1.9.1. The energy stored during the day time, in the form of Hydrogen, is used. The gas CO2, is modified and turned into a solid form of sugar because of this energy that was gathered during the day time.
4.1.1.10. Different sugars
4.1.1.10.1. Glucose is the most common sugar that is made by plants. The kind of plant determines what kind of sugars get made. These sugars are used as energy immediately by the plant itself, or stored for later use.
4.1.1.11. Cellular Respiration
4.1.1.11.1. The process of taking sugar found in food and turning them into energy called ATP. Every cell in your body is capable of this process. The first step of the process is called glycolysis
4.1.1.12. Glycolysis
4.1.1.12.1. 1st step of getting energy from sugar. This literally means to “split sugar". The 2nd step depends if there is oxygen present or not. If there is oxygen present, the next step is to take the sugar to the mitochondria. If no oxygen is present, then the next step is called fermentation.
4.1.1.13. Mitochondria
4.1.1.13.1. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Some cells contain more than others. The burning of sugar into ATP is what generates the body heat we feel. This requires the use of oxygen to work. It releases CO2 as a waste product. This is what sugar in your body will turn into. You exhale your mass away.
4.1.1.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
4.1.1.14.1. Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.
4.1.1.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
4.1.1.15.1. Fermentation by plant cells will create ethyl alcohol which can be used to create different beverages.
4.1.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabularury
4.1.2.1. Producers
4.1.2.1.1. Organisms that make their own food (sugar) from sunlight.
4.1.2.2. Consumers
4.1.2.2.1. Organisms that must eat another organism in order to take its energy.
4.1.2.3. Primary Consumer
4.1.2.3.1. This is an organism that eats plants (usually herbivores).
4.1.2.4. Secondary Consumer
4.1.2.4.1. This is an organism that eats the animal that eats plants (primary consumers).
4.1.2.5. Tertiary Consumer
4.1.2.5.1. This is an organism that eats secondary consumers.
4.1.2.6. Detritivores
4.1.2.6.1. Break down dead organisms for their own energy. They decompose them and return the chemicals back into the ecosystem.
4.1.2.7. Food Chain
4.1.2.7.1. Simple model that shows how energy moves from the sun, to a producer, to one or more consumers.
4.1.2.8. Food Web
4.1.2.8.1. This is multiple food chains showing how the communities in the ecosystem are connected.
4.1.2.9. Energy Pyramid
4.1.2.9.1. Energy pyramid shows steps, called trophic levels, and how much energy each level has in an ecosystem. Each time energy is consumed, only 10% of the energy is available at the next level for organisms.
4.1.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
4.1.3.1. Carbon Cycle
4.1.3.2. Cellular Respiration
4.1.3.2.1. Carbon breathed out as CO2.
4.1.3.3. Photosynthesis
4.1.3.3.1. Carbon made into Sugar.
4.1.3.4. Sedimentation
4.1.3.4.1. Carbon Skeletons compressed into rock.
4.1.3.5. Decomposition
4.1.3.5.1. Carbon breaks down into fossil fuels.
4.1.3.6. Fossil Fuels
4.1.3.6.1. Dead animals/trees with Carbon.
4.1.3.7. Combustion
4.1.3.7.1. Release Carbon from fossil fuels as CO2.
4.1.3.8. Water Cycle
4.1.3.9. Evaporation / Transpiration
4.1.3.9.1. Water turns from liquid to gas.
4.1.3.10. Condensation
4.1.3.10.1. Water forms clouds in the air.
4.1.3.11. Precipitation
4.1.3.11.1. Water comes back down from rain/snow.
4.1.3.12. Run Off
4.1.3.12.1. Water hits mountains and carves rivers, flows into lakes or oceans.
4.1.3.13. Seepage
4.1.3.13.1. Water is absorbed into the ground.
4.1.3.14. Oxygen Cycle
4.1.3.15. Cellular Respiration
4.1.3.15.1. Animals breathe in Oxygen, release CO2.
4.1.3.16. Photosynthesis
4.1.3.16.1. Plants absorb CO2, release Oxygen.
4.1.3.17. Nitrogen Cycle
4.1.3.18. Precipitation
4.1.3.18.1. Water brings N2 as a gas to the ground in water.
4.1.3.19. Nitrogen Fixation
4.1.3.19.1. Bacteria take N2 from rain, and make into ammonia.
4.1.3.20. Ammonification
4.1.3.20.1. Bacteria turn ammonia into nitrite.
4.1.3.21. Nitrification
4.1.3.21.1. Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates.
4.1.3.22. Assimilation
4.1.3.22.1. Plants take up the fertilizers.
4.1.3.23. Denitrification
4.1.3.23.1. Bacteria turn nitrates into gas N2.
4.2. Module 2
4.2.1. Lesson 1 - Vocabulary
4.2.1.1. Biosphere
4.2.1.1.1. The broadest most inclusive level of organization is the biosphere.
4.2.1.2. Biome
4.2.1.2.1. Regions on Earth with similar climates
4.2.1.3. Ecosystems
4.2.1.3.1. Ecosystems includes all the organisms (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)environment found in a particular place.
4.2.1.4. Communities
4.2.1.4.1. A community includes all the interacting living (biotic) organisms in an area.
4.2.1.5. Populations
4.2.1.5.1. A population includes all members of the same species that live in one place.
4.2.1.6. Organism
4.2.1.6.1. The simplest level is a single organism / individual.
4.2.1.7. Abiotic
4.2.1.7.1. The nonliving factors are called abiotic factors and include physical and chemical characteristics of the environment.
4.2.1.8. Biotic
4.2.1.8.1. The living components of the environment are called biotic factors.
4.2.1.9. Limiting Factor
4.2.1.9.1. This is what determines how many of a species can be in an area.
4.2.1.10. Biotic Potential
4.2.1.10.1. Potential growth in perfect conditions with no limiting factors
4.2.1.11. Carrying Capacity
4.2.1.11.1. The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time
4.2.1.12. Overpopulation
4.2.1.12.1. Populations size grows so large that it causes damage to the environment
4.2.1.13. Extinction
4.2.1.13.1. Species that has died out when no individuals are left.
4.2.1.14. Endangered Species
4.2.1.14.1. Species that has died out when no individuals are left.
4.2.1.15. Threatened species
4.2.1.15.1. A species that is at risk but not yet endangered
4.2.2. Lesson 2 - Vocabulary
4.2.2.1. Symbiosis
4.2.2.1.1. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy
4.2.2.2. Commensalism
4.2.2.2.1. One species benefits and does not harm the other species. Examples are plants that grow on trees or trunks of other objects.
4.2.2.3. Parasitism
4.2.2.3.1. A symbolic relationship that benefits one species and harms the other. An example is a female wasp, laying eggs in a spider.
4.2.2.4. Mutualism
4.2.2.4.1. Relationship in which both organisms benefit. Example is clownfish and anemone, where the fish is protected and provides energy in return.
4.2.2.5. Cooperative Relationships
4.2.2.5.1. This is found within species and how they interact together. This includes elephants working together to raise young.
4.2.2.6. competitive Relationship
4.2.2.6.1. Organisms sharing the same habitat competing for the same resources. Could be as simple as trees competing for sunlight.
4.2.2.7. Predator-prey relationship
4.2.2.7.1. This is when one species will consume another.
4.2.3. Lesson 3 - Vocabulary
4.2.3.1. Ecological succession
4.2.3.1.1. The process of one ecological community gradually changing into another. Small plants begin, then larger plants, and giant ones last.
4.2.3.2. Climax Community
4.2.3.2.1. A stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes.
4.2.3.3. Primary succession
4.2.3.3.1. This occurs in new areas of land with little soil or vegetation such as lava flow
4.2.3.4. Secondary succession
4.2.3.4.1. This is where an ecosystem that is already established has been destroyed and needs to restart. This can be from a forest fire for example.
4.2.3.5. Eutrophication
4.2.3.5.1. When the water becomes nutrient rich from fertilizer runoff. This can cause large algal blooms that can destroy the oxygen balance in the water.
4.2.3.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
4.2.3.6.1. This Is the balance between different parts of the ecosystem. Natural disruptions such as forest fires, floods, volcanoes, can change an ecosystem quickly.
4.2.3.7. Resource Extraction
4.2.3.7.1. Resources such as water and oil can cause problems from drilling and deforestations.
4.2.3.8. Pollution
4.2.3.8.1. When contaminants are brought into an environment and cause negative change
4.2.3.9. Nonnative species
4.2.3.9.1. Species lives outside its natural range, introduced through human intervention.