1. Special letters
1.1. These letters found in the Quran are spelt with 3 letters and have mad= ص = صَا دْ These letters are : ص ك م ن ل ق س ع
1.2. This letter is spelt with 3 letters but doesn’t have a mad = ا Alif
1.3. These letters found in the Quran are spelt with 2 letters and they have mad = ح ط ي ه ر
2. Rawm and Ishmam
2.1. These are alternative ways to stop recitation. Rawm = pronouncing the Dommah or kasrah softly. The madiyyah letters cannot be lengthened for more than 2 harakah. سُلْطَنٍ there’s an alif madiyyah after the ط Ishamam= making your lips into a Dommah shape without pronouncing the Dommah sound. The madiyyah letters can be lengthened for 2,4,6 harakah. مُّنِيبٌ the Dommah are like this parallel.
3. Qalqalah
3.1. The Letters are قُطْبُ جدْ We have 3 types of Qalqalah: 1 Small/sagir = This is when the qalqalah letters are in the middle of recitation , they can be in the middle or at the end of a word.قْ طْ بْ جْ دْ.
3.2. Big/kabir Qalqalah = When you have the qalqalah letters with a sukoon on then or قَ طِ بُ جٍ دٌ at the end of the recitation and the qalqalah letters must be at the end of the word.
3.3. Pause Qalqalah = When you have any of the Qalqalah letters with a shaddah on them and the qalqalah letters are at the end of recitation and the qalqalah letters are at the end of the word.
4. The levels of Tafkheem
4.1. These are the tafkheem letter =خُصَّ ضَغْطٍ قِظْ from these letters these are stronger = ص ض ط ظ and this is the strongest letter = ط Level 1 Tafkheem = Fatha on these letters and an alif after them . Level 2 Tafkeem = has a fatha on it or has a sukoon on it with a fatha before it. Level 3 Tafkheem = Dommah on it or a sukoon on it and a dommah before it. Level 4 Tafkheem = Sukoon on it and a kasrah before it. Level 5 Tafkheem = It has a kasrah under it.
5. Levels of Gunnah
5.1. Level 1 = Shaddah Level 2 = Idghaaam Level 3 = Ikhfaa Level 4 = Sukoon Level 5 =Mutaharik
6. Mudud
6.1. Mad Tabi + Mad iwad = If we have alif, waw or yaa madiyyah (without a harakah) with its harakah before it we lengthen for 2 harakah this is mad Tabi. Mad iwad = This is the same as mad tabi except it only occurs at the end of a word that has a fatha tayn and last letter is alif.You prolong the alif which means you don't prounounce the fatha tayn.This doesn'r count for taa marbootah.
6.2. Mad Badal = Same as mad tabii except a hamzah comes before the maddiyah letters.
6.3. Mad mutasil wajib = mutasil = joined so the mad wave and hamzah are in one word and we have a lengthening of 4/5 harakah.
6.4. Mad mutasil wajib arid lis sukoon = The maddiyah letter that has the wave must be the 2nd last letter of the word.4/5 harakah lengthening continue and 4/5/6 when we stop.
6.5. Mad munfasil (seperate) jaiz = Mad wave in one word hamzah in the next.2/4/5 harakah continue and mad badal or tabi stop. For a word that starts with haa or yaa followed by an alif maddiyah with a mad wave it is 2 sepreate words that look like one word so it is still munfasil even though it looks like muttasil.
6.6. Mad lin arid lis sukoon = If we have waw or yaa with a sukoon on top with a fatha before it and the waw ana yaa are the 2nd last letter of the word we will lengthen for 2/4/6 stiop and no lengthening when we continue.
6.7. Mad arid lis sukoon = If the maddiyah letter is the 2nd last letter of the word and we are stopping our recitation the last letter will have a sukoon on it. We will have 2/4/6 harakah stop recitation and when continue we will have mad tabi or badal.
6.8. Mad lazim 6 Harakah stop or continue recitation.
6.8.1. letters/ harfi= muthaqqal = heavy = gunnah for idghaam or idghaam shafawi. Mukhaffaf = light = no ruling / no gunnah / gunnah other than idghaam.
6.8.2. Word/kalimi = Muthaqqal = heavy = shaddah after the mad wave. and mukhaffaf = light = sukoon after the mad wave. 3 exceptions we can either do 6 harakah or pronounce the two hamzahs = ءَ آ لذَّ كَرَ يْنِ ءَآلْءَانَ ءَآللّهُ Ismul jalalah has a mad wave on the laam with a shaddah and in the word a athakarayn the alif is a small maddiyah after the hamzah all in one word.
7. Nun sakinah + Tanween
7.1. Iqlab (to turn) ن _ م _ ب Turn the noon sound to a meem sound before the baa sign Gunnah so noon is not heard Sign = ن with a small meem & all tanween with a small meem. مِن بعْدِ هِ the noon has a small meem on it .
7.2. Idgaam (merging 2 sounds to make 1 sound ) Letters = ىرملون Signs = empty ن + slanted tanween. So we have the sign followed by one of the letters. 2 types: Complete/kamil = The noon sound and it’s characteristic gunnah are not heard = ن م ل ر Incomplete/naqis = The noon sound is not heard but it’s characteristic gunnah can be heard = و ي
7.2.1. Branches of Idghaam : Small / Sagir = Sakin + mutaharik 1 mutamathil = identity letters وقددَّخَاو 2 mutajaanis = same exist but different letters = Complete /kamil = the first letter and it’s characteristic cannot be heard = اِذظَّلَمْتُمْ Incompletely/naqis = طاء sound cannot be heard but it’s characteristics exists = بَسَطتَ 3 mutakaarib = different letters , different exits but the exits are close to one another = قُلرَّبِّي Big/ kabir = Mutaharik + mutaharik Mutamathil = identical letters = تَاْ مَنُنَ but it is written with a dot over the meem instead of 2 noons. Another way it is seen in the Quran it is written as مَكَّنِّي but the word is actually مَكَّنَنِي.
7.2.1.1. When the laam in alif laam is merging into the next letter = Idgham.
7.3. Ikhfa haqiqi ( camouflaged) so the noon is blurred and we have a gunnah. Sign = ن and slanted tanween Tafkheem = ص ض ط ق ط Tarkeek gunnah = ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ف ك so you will see the sign and then the letter.
7.4. Izhar ( clear) Halqi ( throat) غ خ ح ع هـ ء Sign= ن Sukoon/parallel tanween No gunnah رِضْوَانٍ خََيْرٌ
7.4.1. Izhar mutlaq 1 letters = when we continue our recitation from the letters to the next word then the noon must be pronounced clearly so no idgham ruling when the noon meets with waw does not apply here only for the letters ن and يسw with a mad wave. 2 words = When noon sakinah meets with waw or yaa the ruling would normally be idghaam complete but for these words the noon must be pronounced clearly because it is in one word: قِنْوَانٌ صِنْوَانٌ الدُّنْيَا بُنْيَنٌ The alif has a hamzah tul wasl. The yaa has a small alif in the word.
7.4.1.1. Alif laam is pronounced clearly = Izhar.