1. Contrasting Social Inequality: Jembatan Besi, Indonesia
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. 256 million population of Indonesia
1.1.1.1. 10 million live in Jakarta, 25% of which live in slum housing
1.1.1.1.1. Jembatan Besi is located 4KM NW of city centre with a population of 4,000
1.1.2. Future plans
1.1.2.1. Jakarta building agency has identified 400 community units across the slum planed for improvement
1.1.2.2. however Slum clearance schemes to allow rebuilding
1.1.2.2.1. Resulted to a relocation of slum areas
1.2. Social Measures
1.2.1. Air pollution levels are high
1.2.2. Kerosene used as cooking gas
1.2.2.1. High fire risk
1.2.3. Nutrition in the slums dominated by rice
1.2.3.1. Little protein and vegetables consumed
1.2.4. Scrapwood used to make houses/extensions
1.2.4.1. Fire risk increased due to improvised electrical wiring and overcrowding
1.2.5. Polluted groundwater supply
1.2.5.1. Slum built on former waster tip
1.2.6. Epidemics caused by water bourne diseases like cholera
1.2.6.1. Hot climate also leads to other diseases like Malaria
1.3. Economic Measures
1.3.1. Schools are poorly equipped
1.3.1.1. Family's need children to work to afford to live so very few complete their education
1.3.2. Insecure employment as most are in informal employment
1.3.2.1. 4 USD daily income average
1.3.2.2. Even formal jobs have little security
1.3.2.2.1. Garment industries operate within slum areas with few health and safety regulations
1.4. Housing Measures
1.4.1. Well built groundfloors on buildings however housing pressures mean make shift stories have been added
1.4.2. Narrow alleys and tall buildings result in virtuall no direct sunlight
1.4.3. Few homes have a toilet
1.4.3.1. Toilets poorly built and run for profit
2. Contrasting Social Inequality: Northwood, California
2.1. Contrasts to Jembatan Beti
2.1.1. Local university of California
2.1.1.1. Very beneficial as it provides locals with work
2.1.2. some areas are in the Top 1% of household incomes
2.1.2.1. Most areas are high income
2.1.3. Housing in luxury and expensive
2.1.3.1. Contrasts to Jembatan Besi where housing is crowded and there is a lack of natural light
2.2. Introduction
2.2.1. Northwood is in North Irvine, 10km East of Newport
2.2.1.1. it is an Edge City
2.2.1.1.1. Substantial development on the edge of an existing conurbation often relatively self-sufficient
2.2.2. University of California is rated 48th in the US
2.2.3. 21,000 live in Northwood
2.2.3.1. 1/3 of the households are families with schoolage children
2.2.4. Future plans
2.2.4.1. Irvine is regularily one of the highest rated cities within the USA for safety and management
2.2.4.2. Even during economic downturns it is one of the best places to live
2.2.4.2.1. Area retains high paid employment
2.2.4.3. Represents the opposite economic spectrum to Besi with high quality education, housing and facilities
2.3. Social Measures
2.3.1. Air pollution low compared to the 7,000 dying from air pollution in Besi
2.3.2. Schools in Irvine are regularily assessed and some are best achieving in USA
2.3.2.1. lowcrime rate 70%low tha natioal avrage
2.3.2.1.1. 1/5 have masters or phds
2.3.3. Healthcare is excellent by AC standards
2.3.3.1. Life expectancy is 82
2.4. Economic Measures
2.4.1. Residents are well off
2.4.1.1. $86,000 average salary, $52,000 is average for the USA
2.4.2. Univeristy of California is the largest employer
2.4.2.1. Several tech companies like Blizzard, Kia and Toshiba
2.4.3. Area is home to new business ventures
2.5. Housing Measures
2.5.1. 91% of households own their home
2.5.1.1. 25% live in slums in Jakarta
2.5.2. Average household size is 2.8 people
2.5.2.1. 4 people per square metre in Besi
2.5.3. Streets lined with natural sunlight
3. Definitions
3.1. Absolute Poverty
3.1.1. $1.25 a day PPP, cannot afford essentials
3.1.1.1. Purchasing Power Parity is used because the cost of obtaining a good or service varies across country
3.2. Relative Poverty
3.2.1. 60% of median household income
3.2.1.1. Measured across population distribution
3.2.2. 13 million in relative poverty in UK
3.3. GINI coefficient
3.3.1. Measure levels of income inequality within countries
4. Social Inequality
4.1. Measures of social inequality
4.1.1. Housing
4.1.1.1. Rapid urbanisation in LIDC's causes millions to live in slums
4.1.1.1.1. authorities are overwhelmed by rapid urbanisation and connot match supply of housing
4.1.1.2. Substandard housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyles all link to deprivation
4.1.1.2.1. Elderly people lack mobility restricitng access to primary healthcare
4.1.1.3. Digital divide
4.1.1.3.1. Broadband access quicker in urban areas
4.1.1.4. Illiteracy excludes people from accessing education and skills training
4.1.1.4.1. reducing employment opportunities and in the long term housing prospects
4.1.2. Healthcare and Employment
4.1.2.1. Access to healthcare affected by social inequality
4.1.2.1.1. We can measure access to healthcare with doctors per 1000 people
4.1.2.1.2. Rural areas have healthcare facilities widely dispersed
4.1.2.2. Health is impacted by things like clean water access, sanitation and air quality
4.1.2.3. Employment
4.1.2.3.1. Formal
4.1.2.3.2. Informal
4.1.3. UPDATED Income
4.1.3.1. Absolute poverty of below 1.25 usd purchasing power parity a day
4.1.3.1.1. Cannot afford minimum amount of food and essentuals
4.1.3.2. Relative poverty
4.1.3.2.1. 60% of the median houshold income is considered relative poverty in the UK
4.2. Inequality in the UK
4.2.1. North/South Divide, life expectancy better in the south, average wage higher
4.2.1.1. The UK has the 9 poorest places in Europe and the Richest place in europe (London)
4.3. UK Government (tackling social inequality) - THLESP
4.3.1. Taxation
4.3.1.1. Progressive tax system redistributing wealth
4.3.1.1.1. Wealthiest pay most tax, the first £12,500 is tax free
4.3.1.2. Essential food has been made exempt from VAT
4.3.1.2.1. Benefits poorer groups who spend more precent of income on these items
4.3.2. Subsidies
4.3.2.1. Children from poorer families receive 15 hours free childcare a week
4.3.2.1.1. Free school meals and university fee help
4.3.2.2. Poor pensioners receive winter fuel payments, free bus pass and exemption from TV license
4.3.3. Planning
4.3.3.1. Governments, housing agencies give priority to upgrading housing in poorer areas
4.3.3.1.1. Organised geographically and targetted at the most deprived areas from neighbourhoods to whole regions
4.3.3.2. Levelling Up Scheme
4.3.3.2.1. £1 billion given to public transport in Greater Manchester area
4.3.4. Law
4.3.4.1. 2010 social equality act
4.3.4.1.1. Protected characteristics like gender not allowed to be discriminated against in work
4.3.4.2. Section 106 planning law
4.3.4.2.1. 10% of housing needs to be affordable social housing
4.3.5. Education
4.3.5.1. Fees and funding to train and upgrade skills to raise qualifications and improve employment prospects in poorer areas
4.3.5.2. North West UK given £1 billion to improve qualifications
4.3.6. Healthcare
4.3.6.1. NHS 'free at point of delivery' system
5. Structural Economic Change
5.1. Globalisation and Structural Economic Change
5.1.1. De-industrialisation
5.1.1.1. Economic restructuring led to factory closures and job losses in AC's
5.1.1.1.1. Places which rely heavily on narrow range of economic activities badly affected by deindustrilisation
5.1.1.2. Unemployment increased in the formerly industrial inner-city
5.1.1.2.1. Resulted in decline in physical environment
5.1.1.3. Results in projects to counteract structural economic change
5.1.1.3.1. Like birmingham and liverpool science parks
5.1.2. Economic Restructuring
5.1.2.1. Change in proportions of people working in various sectors
5.1.2.1.1. The change in AC's from secondary to tertiary employment
5.1.2.2. Post industrial societies
5.1.2.2.1. Society no longer dominated by the secondary sector but one dominated by tertiary employment
5.1.3. Global shift is a major consequence of structual change caused by globalisation
5.1.3.1. Most manufacturing concentrated in Western Europe and USA fifty years ago
5.1.3.1.1. 1980's global shift 'New international division of labour'
5.1.4. Advantages of Economic Restructuring
5.1.4.1. AC's
5.1.4.1.1. Cheaper imports of labour intensive products keep cost of living down
5.1.4.2. EDC's/LIDC
5.1.4.2.1. Higher income, more exports, multiplier effect on economy
5.1.5. Disadvantages of Economic Restructuring
5.1.5.1. AC's
5.1.5.1.1. Job losses concentrated in certain places leading to unemployment
5.1.5.2. EDC's/LIDC
5.1.5.2.1. Environmental issues caused by rapid industrialisation
5.2. Booms and Recessions
5.2.1. Nikolai Kondratiev
5.2.1.1. Suggested that economic system operates in a series of interconnected cycles of growth and decline
5.2.1.1.1. Each cycle linked to technological innovation and new industries
5.2.1.1.2. Recessions are a slow down of economic activity
5.2.2. A Boom is a period of rapid economic expansion resulting in higher GDP and rising asset prices
5.2.3. A recession is a period of negative economic growth
5.2.3.1. Fall in national output and income and higher unemployment rates
5.2.4. Silicon Valley, A Core region
5.2.4.1. Centred on Santa Clara Valley (Southern part of San Francisco Bay, California)
5.2.4.1.1. Companies like apple, intel and facebook operate from here
5.2.4.2. Stanford University offers regular supply of graduates to silicon valley
5.2.4.3. Nearly half of US venture capital in Silicon Valley
5.2.4.3.1. Venture Capital
5.2.4.4. How might booms in silicon valley create social inequality
5.2.4.4.1. Production workers paid minimum wage and are expendible
5.2.4.4.2. Whereas millionaire business men get even richer