History of Visual Communications

1. 30,000 years ago CAVE PAINTINGS

1.1. Altamira Cave

1.1.1. It is red because of the Red Clay in that area

1.1.1.1. Discovered By: Marcelino Sautuola and his daughter Maria

1.2. Lascaux Cave

1.2.1. Had to close because of all the Carbon Monoxide given off by humans

1.2.1.1. Lascaux is the most famous cave painting site

1.2.1.1.1. The Lascaux Cave is in France

1.3. Chauvet Pont d'Arc

1.3.1. It is the oldest known cave painting site

1.3.1.1. Discovered by Eliette Brunell Deschamps, Christian Hillarie, Jean Marie Chauvet

1.3.1.1.1. It was the cleanest cave and it looked 3D with better shading

1.4. 3 reasons why created

1.4.1. 1. Instructional

1.4.2. 2. Religious/Superstitious

1.4.3. 3. To Tell A Story

2. Codex and Illuminated Manuscript (Mid 1400s)

2.1. Scrolls

2.1.1. Scrolls were made out of long sheets of papyrus

2.1.2. It was stored rolled up and tied or on two wooden rods

2.1.3. A draw back to the scroll is it had to be read in sequential order.

2.2. Books

2.2.1. Books were called Codexes (or Codecies).

2.2.2. Books were made of parchment and were bound in the spine for easy storage

3. Phoenic Alphabet

3.1. History

3.1.1. The Alphabet was thought to be influenced by hieroglyphics or cuneiform

3.1.2. The Greeks Influence

3.1.2.1. The Greeks changed the language to an even simpler form

3.1.3. Roman and Latin

3.1.3.1. The Roman Alphabet was the final form of the Phonetic Alphabet.

3.1.3.1.1. It is now known as Latin.

3.2. Pros of The Alphabet

3.2.1. Easy to learn

3.2.2. First worldwide alphabet

4. Photography 4th Century - 1970s

4.1. Camera Obscura

4.1.1. Camera Obscura was used to capture light. It is still used nowadays only for a different purpose, to observe solar eclipses

4.1.2. The camera obscura changed into the size of a portable box.

4.2. The word "photography" was invented by Sir John Hershel and was derived from the greek words meaning light and writing.

4.3. Photography Processes

4.3.1. Joseph Niepce to the first successful photograph in 1927

4.3.1.1. Though he took the first photograph the first practical photographic process was invented by Louis Daguerre and he called it the Daguerrotype.

4.3.1.1.1. Daguerreotype was exposing an image to a light sensitive metal sheet which created a direct positive image.

4.3.2. Another process around that time was called the Calotype process invented by William Fox Talbet

4.3.2.1. This process was almost the same as Daguerrotype but it produced a direct negative image.

4.3.2.1.1. This didnt look as good but the big upside to this image is that it could be duplicated.

4.3.3. Archer created the wet plate process

4.3.3.1. This processused Glass Plates coated in a syrupy material

4.3.3.1.1. A major drawback to this process is that you would have to develop the picture in a dark room the moment you take the picture

4.3.4. Richard Maddox improved on Archer's design and created the Dry Plate Process

4.3.4.1. In this process the plates were coated in gelatin (animal tissue) and was easier to develop

4.3.5. Eastman patented the Roll Film and established the company Kodak

4.3.5.1. He made photography a simpler and easier tool and made it popular with his first camera, the brownie.

4.4. Advances in Photography

4.4.1. The first color photograph was taken by James Maxwell

4.4.1.1. The instant photography was invented by Edwin Land and it was the easiest and fastest way to take a picture at the time

4.4.1.1.1. Motion photography was started by Muybridge.

5. Guttenberg Press 19th Century

5.1. The Hand Press or The Screw Press

5.1.1. It was a hand press comparable to stamps and it was made of wood.

5.1.1.1. It was called a moveable type

5.1.1.1.1. Moveable type was invented and concealed for over 500 years by the chinese

5.2. The Guttenberg Press Effect

5.2.1. The effect of the press broke 8 huge communication boundaries

5.2.1.1. 1. Perfected script 2. Rapidly made books 3. Information can be shared 4. Less price for books 5. More people reading 6. Open up language barriers 7. Books and things like paper were made making jobs 8.Opened doors for the renaissance decade

5.2.1.1.1. In America, Caxton made the first printed book in the west.

5.3. Johannes Guttenberg

5.3.1. The technological advancement he created was called the screw press

5.3.2. Guttenberg's father was a successful merchant and he would sometimes take his son to work and let him read

5.3.2.1. This is how Guttenberg realized he wanted to make books faster and easier to make

5.3.3. When he moved away he started experimenting with metal typography

5.3.3.1. Guttenberg now had an invention so he went to John Fust, a wealthy business man for a sponser

5.3.3.1.1. They devised a deal for the machine

6. CUNEIFORM and the Sumerians in 34th Century BCE

6.1. We know three things about the Sumerians

6.1.1. 1. Theocratic Culture (ruled by a king)

6.1.2. 2. They were skilled artisans who created cases bowls and other types of pottery.

6.1.3. Music was a very important aspect of their life.

6.2. They wrote their language on clay.

6.2.1. They used a wedge shaped stylus to write in the clay

6.3. It began as a series of pictographs but it evolved into a wedge shaped language.

6.4. They were invaded by the Akkadians because they lived in the fertile question in the middle east where good farming could be done

7. The Egyptians and HIEROGLYPHICS (400 BCE)

7.1. People think that hieroglyphics were influenced by Cuneiform.

7.2. The scribes where the military to communicate with each other.

7.3. The walls of the temples were decorated by the priests to show respect

7.3.1. Ex of Egyptian Temple

7.4. Napolean Bonaparte discovered the Rosetta Stone in 1789.

7.4.1. The Rosetta Stone

7.4.1.1. The Rosetta Stone contained 3 languages

7.4.1.1.1. 1. Greek (The language of business)

7.4.1.1.2. 2. The language of the common people

7.4.1.1.3. 3. The sacred writings (Hieroglyphics)

8. The Linotype Machine (1890)

8.1. The Linotype Machine was invented by Chris Sholes.

8.1.1. He created the machine for a creative business man named Clephane who tested the machine for Sholes

8.1.1.1. Clephane took the machine through harsh tests and destroying it multiple times because something wasn't right. They need something to bridge the gap between the typing and printing without using the hand

8.1.1.1.1. Once they did that it took off producing newspapers faster than anytime before and it was an instant success

8.2. The Machine

8.2.1. The Name Linotype comes from it "Line of Type" because it types a whole line at one type

8.2.1.1. The keyboard had three colors of letters signifying different keyboards

8.2.1.1.1. The black keys on the right were for lowercase

8.2.1.1.2. The white keys on the left were for uppercase

8.2.1.1.3. The blue keys in the middle were for punctuation numbers and other characters

9. Computers (1920-1984)

9.1. Early computers

9.1.1. Konrad Zuse created the first freely programmable computer

9.1.2. The inventors of the Mark series of computers were Howard Aiken and Grace Hooper

9.1.2.1. Mark Computers were invented in Harvard and were created for the U.S. navy

9.1.3. The first commercial computer was called the Univac (Universal Automatic Computer)

9.1.3.1. It was designed be John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

9.1.4. or International Business Machines created the first high level programming language called Fortran.

9.1.4.1. Fortran was also considered the first IBM mathematical formula translating systel

9.1.5. The computer mouse was invented by Douglas Eng