1. Information of "Cows—Parts of the body of a Cow" mind map is on https://www.eastofengland.org.uk
2. Cow Skeleton
2.1. can be divided into axial, appendicular and splanchnic
2.2. axial skeleton
2.2.1. consists of the skull
2.2.1.1. is similar to a dog’s skull
2.2.2. consists the vertebral colum
2.2.2.1. starts at the base of the skull
2.2.2.2. runs horizontally along the body
2.2.3. consists of the ribs
2.2.3.1. has thirteen pairs
2.2.3.2. attach to the spinal column and the sternum on either side
2.2.4. There are:
2.2.4.1. seven cervical vertebrae
2.2.4.2. thirteen thoracic vertebrae
2.2.4.3. six lumbar vertebrae
2.2.4.4. five fused sacral vertebrae
2.2.4.5. 18-20 coccygeal vertebrae
2.3. appendicular skeleton
2.3.1. consists of two hindlimbs
2.3.1.1. Made up of:
2.3.1.1.1. scapula
2.3.1.1.2. humerus
2.3.1.1.3. radius
2.3.1.1.4. ulnar
2.3.1.1.5. capus
2.3.1.1.6. metacarpals
2.3.1.1.7. phalanges
2.3.2. consists of two forelimbs
2.3.2.1. Consists of:
2.3.2.1.1. pelvic girdle
2.3.2.1.2. tuber coxae
2.3.2.1.3. stifle joint (knee joint)
2.3.2.1.4. patella
2.3.2.1.5. fibula
2.3.2.1.6. tarsus
2.4. splanchnic skeleton
2.4.1. are the bones located in the heart
2.4.2. called ossa cordis
2.4.2.1. not attached to any other bones
2.4.3. not attached to any other bones
3. Cow Muscles
3.1. are the same as the muscles of the horse
3.2. Variable Costs
3.3. due to selective farming
3.3.1. domesticated cows are now bred to produce the best cuts of meat
3.3.2. the size of the muscles are larger in comparison to the horse
4. Muscles of the hindlimb
4.1. join the forelimb to the trunk
4.2. Includes:
4.2.1. trapezius
4.2.2. brachiocephalic muscle
4.2.3. motransversarius, latissimus dorsi
4.2.4. pectoral muscles
4.2.5. the rhomboids
4.3. help to transfer weight from the body to the forelimbs
4.4. The muscles of the shoulder
4.4.1. Includes:
4.4.1.1. deltoid muscles
4.4.1.2. teres major
4.4.1.3. teres minor
4.4.1.4. supraspinatus
4.4.1.5. infraspinatus
4.4.1.6. subscapularis
4.4.1.7. coracobrachialis
4.4.2. provide flexion and stability to the shoulder joint
4.5. The elbow joint extensors
4.5.1. Includes:
4.5.1.1. triceps brachii
4.5.1.2. the tensor fasciae antebrachii
4.5.2. The flexors of the elbow joint
4.5.2.1. are the biceps brachii and brachialis
4.5.2.2. The lower limb
4.5.2.2.1. digital joints
4.5.2.2.2. carpal
5. Muscles of the hindlimb
5.1. The biceps femoris muscle
5.1.1. has various points of insertion
5.1.2. its job is to extend and abduct the hindlimb
5.2. semimembranosus
5.2.1. help to extend the hip and the stifle joint
5.3. semitendinosus
5.3.1. help to extend the hip and the stifle joint
5.4. The medial compartment of the thigh
5.4.1. helps with flexion and extension of the hip and adduction of the hindlimb
5.5. The stifle joint
5.5.1. controlled by the quadriceps muscle
5.5.1.1. Includes:
5.5.1.1.1. vastus lateralis
5.5.1.1.2. vastus medias
5.5.1.1.3. vastus intermedius
5.5.1.1.4. straight muscle
5.5.1.1.5. popliteal muscle
6. Cow Digestive System
6.1. The cow
6.1.1. is known as a ruminant animal
6.1.1.1. which means they have a special digestive system
6.1.1.2. has adapted to process plant-based foods
6.1.1.3. The stomach has four separate compartments
6.1.1.3.1. each possess their own function
6.2. begins at the mouth
6.2.1. where saliva contains an enzyme that helps to start the initial breakdown of food
6.3. When the food has been swallowed it enters the oesophagus
6.3.1. it contains muscles that help transport food up to the mouth or down to the stomach
6.3.2. The oesophagus has this function
6.3.2.1. because cows regurgitate their food where it is broken down further by the mouth
6.4. Once the food has been broken down properly it will reach the rumen
6.4.1. it is the first compartment of the stomach
6.4.1.1. chewed vegetation which is known as cud
6.5. Once the rumen absorbs some nutrients from the cud it is transported over to the reticulum
6.5.1. it holds dense material that cannot be digested such as rocks
6.5.2. material is then regurgitated as it cannot be digested
6.6. The omasum is the next compartment that helps to absorb nutrients and water
6.6.1. The abomasum is the last compartment that contains acid to help break down the food further