1. Government Policies
1.1. Tax incentives for electric vehicle
1.2. Subsidies for charging station installation
1.3. Mandates for charging station infrastructure
2. Battery Technology
2.1. Energy Density
2.1.1. Battery Type
2.1.1.1. Solid-state
2.1.1.1.1. Energy Density
2.1.1.2. Lithium-ion
2.1.1.2.1. Energy Density
2.2. Charging Time
2.2.1. Battery Type
2.2.1.1. Solid-state
2.2.1.1.1. 10 minutes (80% Capacity)
2.2.1.2. Lithium-ion
2.2.1.2.1. 30 minutes (80% Capacity)
2.3. Cost
2.3.1. Battery Type
2.3.1.1. Solid-sate
2.3.1.1.1. $200 per kWh
2.3.1.2. Lithium-ion
2.3.1.2.1. $150 per kWh
2.4. Safety
2.4.1. Battery Type
2.4.1.1. Solid-state
2.4.1.1.1. Reduced risk of thermal runaway, but potential for electrolyte
2.4.1.2. Lithium-ion
2.4.1.2.1. Risk of thermal runaway and fire
3. Charging Infrastructure
3.1. Charging Station Density
3.2. Charging Station Types
3.2.1. Level 1
3.2.1.1. 20%
3.2.2. Level 2
3.2.2.1. 60%
3.2.3. DC Fast Charging
3.2.3.1. 20%
3.3. Charging Speeds ( Maximum Power (kW)
3.3.1. Level 1
3.3.1.1. 1.4
3.3.2. Level 2
3.3.2.1. 7.2
3.3.3. DC Fast Charging
3.3.3.1. 150
3.4. Accessibility
3.4.1. Availability of charging stations in residential areas
3.4.2. Ease of use of charging apps and payment systems
3.4.3. Availability of charging stations at public places like shopping malls, restaurants, schools, social and religious places
4. Autonomous Driving
4.1. Level of Autonomy
4.1.1. Level 1
4.1.1.1. Driver Assistance
4.1.2. Level 2
4.1.2.1. Partial Automation
4.1.3. Level 3
4.1.3.1. Conditional Automation
4.1.4. Level 5
4.1.4.1. Full Automation
4.2. Sensor Technology
4.2.1. LiDAR
4.2.1.1. Accurate distance measurement
4.2.1.2. Expensive, limited range in certain conditions
4.2.2. Radar
4.2.2.1. Can detects in low visibility
4.2.2.2. Less precise than LiDAR
4.2.3. Cameras
4.2.3.1. Cost-effective, high resolution
4.2.3.2. Limited range, vulnerable to weather conditions
4.3. Software Algorithms
4.3.1. Perception algorithms
4.3.1.1. object detection, lane detection
4.3.2. Planning algorithms
4.3.2.1. path planning, decision-making
4.3.3. Control algorithms
4.3.3.1. steering, acceleration, braking
4.4. Regulatory Framework
4.4.1. Strict safety regulations
4.4.2. Experimental testing
5. Level 4
5.1. High Automation
6. Electric Motors
6.1. Motor Types
6.1.1. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs)
6.1.2. Inducttion Motors
6.2. Torgue
6.2.1. PMSMs often have higher starting torque and peak torque compared to induction motors. However, induction motors can produce high torque over a wider speed range.
6.3. Efficiency
6.3.1. Studies have shown that PMSMs can achieve efficiencies of up to 97%, while induction motors typically have efficiencies in the range of 85-95%.
6.4. Cost
6.4.1. The cost of PMSMs can be higher due to the use of rare earth magnets. However, advancements in magnet technology and manufacturing processes have reduced costs in recent years.
6.5. Integration
6.5.1. PMSMs often require more complex inverter technology and control algorithms compared to induction motors. However, advancements in power electronics have simplified the integration of PMSMs into electric vehicle powertrains.