1. Morphology
1.1. Branch of linguistic that studies the structure and formation of words.
1.1.1. Words
1.1.1.1. Fundamental units of language. They consist of sounds or symbols and carry meaning.
1.1.1.1.1. Word Formation Process
1.1.1.1.2. Morphemes
1.1.1.1.3. Processess
2. Phonology
2.1. A branch of linguistics that studies the sound system and how it works in languages. Phonology analizes:
2.1.1. Phonemes
2.1.1.1. The smallest structural sound units that differentiate meaning in language
2.1.1.1.1. Syllables
2.1.1.1.2. Suprasegmental features
3. Phonetics
3.1. Branch of linguistic that studies the speech sound and how it is produced and perceived
3.1.1. Sounds
3.1.1.1. Auditory elements that are produced in spoken language.
3.1.1.1.1. Stress
3.1.1.1.2. Intonation
3.1.1.1.3. Tone
3.1.1.1.4. Accent
3.1.1.1.5. Articulatory
3.1.1.1.6. Acoustics
3.1.1.1.7. Phones
4. Other branches of linguistics
4.1. Psycholinuistics
4.1.1. Branch of linguistics that studies the cognitive processes and mechanisms involved in the understanding, production, and acquisition of language. It examines how individuals process linguistic information in real-time and how language abilities develop and function in the brain.
4.2. Applied linguisics
4.2.1. Branch of linguistics focused on practical applications of language studies, like translation, language teaching, etc.
5. Refers to
5.1. Language
5.1.1. System of communication using symbols.
5.1.1.1. Communication
5.1.1.1.1. The act of sending and recieving information using language.
6. Description
6.1. A comprhenesive approach that involves analyzing and detailing various aspects of language to understand how it functions and varies.
7. Principles
7.1. Fundamental concepts or rules that underline and guide the study of language structure and use. These principles often form the basis for various theoretical frameworks and models in linguistics.
7.1.1. Discreteness
7.1.1.1. The property of language that is composed of distinct, separate units which can be combined in various ways to create meaning. This principle contrasts with continuous or undifferentiated forms of commmunication.
7.1.2. Recursion
7.1.2.1. The ability of a language to incorporate clauses within clauses, allowing for creation of infinitely complex sentences. This means that a sentence can contain other sentences or clauses, which themselves may contain additional clauses, and so on.
8. Government
8.1. The relationship between words in a sentence, how certain elements (verbs, nouns, or adjectives) influence or control the forms of other elements within a sentence.
9. Structure/form
9.1. The arrangement and organization of linguistic elements, such as sounds, words, and sentences that create meaning in language.
9.1.1. Subject
9.1.1.1. Component that is the one who does the action of the verb. It is essential for a grammatical structure in a sentence.
9.1.1.1.1. Argument
9.1.1.1.2. For example in the sentence "the dog is barking" the subject would be "the dog".
9.1.2. Predicate
9.1.2.1. The part of a sentence that tells what the subject is doing.
9.1.2.1.1. For example in the sentence "she reads" the verb "read" is describing the action of the subject "she".
9.1.3. Pronouns
9.1.3.1. Words that replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition and simplify communication.
9.1.3.1.1. I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
9.1.4. Conjunctions
9.1.4.1. Words that connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences. They are essential for creating complex and cohesive sentences by linking different parts of a sentence together.
9.1.4.1.1. Some of them are: for, and, but, yet, so, because, since, unless, both, neither.
9.1.5. Determiners
9.1.5.1. Words placed in front of nouns to clarify what the noun refers to.
9.1.5.1.1. Some of them are: this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, some, any, many, much, few, several, all, none, etc.
9.1.6. Prepositions
9.1.6.1. A word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
9.1.6.1.1. In, at, on, of, to.
9.1.7. Adjunct
9.1.7.1. Optional element that adds extra information to a sentence, but is not essential.
9.1.7.1.1. For example in the sentence "the cat slept on the sofa" the adjunct would be "on the sofa".
10. Pragmatics
10.1. The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language, including how speakers use language in social interactions and how meaning is constructed beyond literal expressions.
10.1.1. Effective communication is guided by:
10.1.1.1. Maxims
10.1.1.1.1. The principles or rules that guide effective communication and conversation. The genral truth, fundamental principle, or rule of conduct.
10.1.1.1.2. Maxims can be flounted or violated
10.1.2. Depends on:
10.1.2.1. Sociolinguistics
10.1.2.1.1. The branch of linguistics that studies how language varies and changes in social contexts. It examines the relationship between language and society, focusing on how social factors such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age influence the use of language
11. Semantics
11.1. The study of meaning in language.
11.1.1. Meaning
11.1.1.1. Refers to study of how language carries information, ideas, emotions, and concepts. It involves understanding the relationship between linguistic expressions (such as words, phrases, and sentences) and what they refer to in the world or in the minds of language users.
11.1.1.1.1. Denotation
11.1.1.1.2. Reference
11.1.1.1.3. Connotation
11.1.2. Semantic shift
11.1.2.1. Refers to the process of evolution of word meanings over time.
11.1.2.1.1. Can occur in several ways:
11.1.2.1.2. Figurative language
11.1.3. Semantic field
11.1.3.1. Classification of words associeted by their meanings. Fields may vary across speakers and words may belong to more that one category.
11.1.3.1.1. Meaning relation words
12. Syntax
12.1. The study of the structure of sentences, the role of words in it and their order.
12.1.1. Sentence
12.1.1.1. Group of words that are together to express something. Contains subjects, predicate, arguments and adjunct.
12.1.1.1.1. Simple sentence
12.1.1.1.2. Complex sentence
12.1.1.1.3. Compound sentence
12.1.1.1.4. Composite sentence
13. Arbitrariness
13.1. The meaning of linguistic signs is not predictable from its word form, nor is the word from dictated by its meaning/function, this means that there is no inherent or natural connection between the form of a linguistic sign (such as a word or symbol) and its meaning.
14. Constituency
14.1. Organization of words into units or phrases within a sentence where each unit functions as a single component in the structure of the sentence.
14.1.1. Content/lexical
14.1.1.1. Refers closely to content words that are the words that vary the meaning in a sentence and for that essential for the understanding and communication.
14.1.1.1.1. Nouns
14.1.1.1.2. Verbs
14.1.1.1.3. Adjectives
14.1.1.1.4. Adverbs