EXPLORING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (GRAHAM HALL)

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EXPLORING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (GRAHAM HALL) by Mind Map: EXPLORING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (GRAHAM HALL)

1. KRASHEN

1.1. AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS

1.1.1. Emotions and attitudes of learners form an affective filter

1.1.2. demotivation

1.1.3. anxiety

1.1.4. low self steem

1.1.5. Negative emotions can block imput acquisition

1.2. THE MONITOR MODEL

1.2.1. Only acquired language can initiate spontaneous language use

1.2.2. Learned lang. only "monitors"spontaneous output

1.2.3. Checks and correct acquired lang.

1.2.4. Learners should focus

1.2.5. Monitoring cannot take place all the time

1.2.6. Necessity to know the rules

1.2.7. Have enough time to apply rules

1.3. NATURAL ORDER HIPOTHESIS

1.3.1. L2 acquisition follows a predictable sequence

1.3.2. Independent of the order in which rules are taught

1.4. IMPUT HYPOTHESIS

1.4.1. Acquisition = L2 learners receive comprehensible input

1.4.2. i + 1

1.4.3. i = language already acquired

1.4.4. 1 = lang. imput just above that level

1.4.5. Acquisition = imput not too simple not too complex

2. THE OUTPUT HYPOTHESIS

2.1. Swain

2.1.1. From semantic to syntactic processing

2.1.1.1. . necessay for 2L acquisition

2.1.1.1.1. is more challenging than understanding imput

3. INTERACTIONAL HYPOTHESIS

3.1. PROPOSED BY LONG

3.1.1. KEY ROLE: GENERATE COMPREHENSIBLE IMPUT

3.1.1.1. During interaction speakers negociate meaning

3.1.1.1.1. During a conversation speakers use strategies

4. NATURAL APPROACH

4.1. KRASHEN & TERRELL

4.1.1. EMPHASIZE

4.1.1.1. EXPOSURE TO THE LANGUAGE

4.1.1.2. COMPREHENSION

4.1.1.3. LEARNERS READY TO LEARN

5. COGNITIVE THEORIES

5.1. NO need to distinguish between learning and acquisition

5.1.1. For them, conscious and unconscious knowledge are connected

5.1.1.1. Schimidt & Frota

5.1.1.1.1. language acquisition

6. SOCIO CULTUTALES APPROACHES

6.1. Knowledge is created and learning takes place during social activity

7. NOTICING

7.1. . Frequency related

7.1.1. more an item occurs, more it is noticed

7.2. Perceptual salience

7.2.1. Noticeability is reduced

7.2.1.1. e.g. contractions

7.3. Task demand

7.3.1. attend certain items to complete the activity

8. Lightbown & Spada

8.1. Automatization through practice

8.1.1. Exposure, comprehension, cognitive effort