1. Nature of Problems
1.1. Wrong vs. Wrong
1.1.1. Neither option is good
1.2. Right vs. Wrong
1.2.1. An example of moral temptation, know what is right/tempted to choose wrong
1.3. Right vs Right:
1.3.1. Ethical dilemma, both options are "right", choice is based on personal values
2. Ethical dilemma
2.1. When the nature of the problem is "Right vs. Right"
2.2. Occurs when both options are considered "right"
2.3. A tough decision that is based on personal values
3. Stakeholder
3.1. Anyone who could be affected by dileema
3.2. Examples: family, doctors, nurses, hospital
4. Ethical Concepts
4.1. Consequentialism
4.1.1. Action-based concept
4.1.2. Rightness or wrongness of action based on consequences
4.2. Non-consequentialism
4.2.1. Action-based concept
4.2.2. Takes more into account than just consequences
4.2.3. Was the action well-intended?
4.3. Virtue
4.3.1. Agent-based concept
4.3.2. Character of person performing action, not action
4.3.3. Is person acting with justice, charity, mercy, or wisdom?
4.4. Casuistry
4.4.1. Situation-based concept
4.4.2. Uses past cases to establish moral principles for current situation
4.5. Relativism
4.5.1. Situation-based concept
4.5.2. Dependent on time, place, situation, culture, and location
4.6. Feminism
4.6.1. Situation based-concept
4.6.2. Morals revolve around caregiving and maintaing relationships
4.6.3. Focuses on importance of relationships and emotions
5. Ethical Theories
5.1. Utilitarianism
5.1.1. Created by Philosopher Jeremy Bentham
5.1.2. Create greatest amount of good for greatest amount of people
5.2. Deontoligcal
5.2.1. Created by Philosopher John Stuart Mili
5.2.2. Personal intuition, values, or beliefs influence action
5.3. Natural Law
5.3.1. Created by Saint Thomas Aquinas
5.3.2. Let nature take it's intended course with no intervention
6. Ethical Principles
6.1. Autonomy
6.1.1. Right to make decisions about life and body
6.1.2. Decision made without the coercion of others
6.1.3. Involves confidentiality, informed consent, and truth-telling
6.2. Beneficence
6.2.1. Physicians are morally obligated to help
6.2.2. All choices are made with intent to do good and benefit
6.2.3. Part of balancing benefit and risk
6.3. Non-maleficence
6.3.1. Physicians are obligated to refrain from potentially harmful acts
6.3.2. Part of balancing benefit and risk
6.3.3. Do no harm
6.4. Justice
6.4.1. What is fair?
6.4.2. What is deserved?
6.4.3. Treatment should be fair to all patients