1. Synapses
1.1. Chemical
1.1.1. Example: neurotransmitters
1.2. Electrical
1.2.1. Example: gap junctions
2. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2.1. Brain
2.1.1. Function: regulates motor control, sensation, emotion, and thoughts
2.2. Spinal cord
2.2.1. Function: conducts information, neural integration, locomotion, reflexes, and general pattern generation (repetitive movements)
2.3. What cells are myelinated?
2.3.1. Oligodendrocytes
2.4. Why can't the CNS regenerate?
2.4.1. It's more protected and is missing certain parts that are required for regeneration (neurilemma and endoneurim)
3. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3.1. Sensory division (SD)
3.1.1. Visceral SD and Somatic SD
3.2. Motor division (MD)
3.2.1. Visceral MD (involuntary) and somatic MD (voluntary and involuntary)
3.2.1.1. Visceral definition: its sh
3.3. Function: carries sensory and motor information to and from the CNS, regulates involuntary body function like heartbeat and breathing, etc...
3.4. What cells are myelinated?
3.4.1. Schwann cells
3.4.1.1. Have regeneration capability
3.4.1.1.1. This ability is due to the presence of neurilemma and endoneurim in Schwann cells
3.5. Nerve regeneration:
3.5.1. In the PNS axons can regenerate, not the CNS, specifically in Schwann cells
4. Connection between the PNS and CNS?
4.1. Coordination between the CNS and the PNS. Sensory talks to motor- think sensation and then response
5. Made up of: neurons
5.1. Definition: a functional unit of the nervous system
5.2. How does it work?
5.2.1. Response to stimuli (excitability)
5.2.2. Conductivity (electrical signals)
5.2.3. Secretion (neurotransmitters)
5.3. Types of functional neurons?
5.3.1. Sensory neurons
5.3.1.1. FunctionL detect sensation and transmit signals to the CNS
5.3.2. Interneurons
5.3.2.1. They're all within the CNS. They communicate with other neurons
5.3.3. Motor neurons
5.3.3.1. They generate a response to stimuli (most go to muscle fibers)
5.4. What does a neuron look like?
5.4.1. Neurosoma (body)
5.4.2. Dendrite (reception sites for stimulus from other neurons)
5.4.3. Axon hillock (neck)
5.4.4. Axon (transmits signal to other cells)
5.4.5. Axon terminal
5.5. What are the types of neurons (shape and size)?
5.5.1. Multipolar (multiple dendrites)
5.5.2. Bipolar (one axon, one dendrite)
5.5.3. Unipolar (single process from soma)
5.5.4. Anaxonic (dendrites, no axons)
5.6. Myelination?
5.6.1. What is it made of: primarily plasma membrane (80% lipid- insulates from current)
5.6.2. How does it work: saltatory conduction (movement is similar to a kangaroo hopping)
5.6.3. Myelination conduction is faster than unmyelinated conduction
5.6.4. What are some myelination disorders?
5.6.4.1. Tay Sachs
5.6.4.1.1. A heritable disease (from eastern european ashkanazi jewish descent). It's when glycolipid accumulation in myelin sheath- disrupts nerve conduction
5.6.4.1.2. Fatal within 3 years of birth
5.6.4.2. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
5.6.4.2.1. Likely and autoimmune disorder, may have heritable and environmental components- often chronic
5.7. What us a neural pool?
5.7.1. A functional assemblage of neurons
5.8. What is a neural circuit?
5.8.1. A neural pathway
6. Neuroglia?
6.1. Definition?
6.1.1. Neural support cells
6.2. Ratio of neurons to neuroglial cells?
6.2.1. 1 trillion neurons require 10 trillion support cells
6.3. Types of neuroglia?
6.3.1. 1. Oligodendrocytes
6.3.1.1. In the CNS
6.3.1.2. Function: form myelin in the brain and spinal cord
6.3.2. 2. Ependymal cells
6.3.2.1. In the CNS
6.3.2.2. Function: Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
6.3.3. 3. Microglia
6.3.3.1. In the CNS
6.3.3.2. Function: Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue
6.3.4. 4. Astrocytes
6.3.4.1. In the CNS
6.3.4.2. Function: Cover brain surface and non-synaptic regions of neurons; form supportive framework in CNS; etc...
6.3.5. 5. Schwann cells
6.3.5.1. In the PNS
6.3.5.2. Function: form neurilemmas around all PNS axons and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerves
6.3.6. 6. Satellite cells
6.3.6.1. In the PNS
6.3.6.2. Function: surround cell bodies of neurons in the ganglia; provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons