İMMUNE SYSTEM

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İMMUNE SYSTEM by Mind Map: İMMUNE SYSTEM

1. - **Granulocytes**

1.1. - **Neutrophils**

1.1.1. - First responders to bacterial infections.

1.1.2. - **Functions**:

1.1.2.1. - Perform phagocytosis to engulf bacteria.

1.1.2.2. - Release enzymes like defensins and proteases.

1.1.2.3. - Drawn to infection sites by chemotaxis.

1.1.3. - **Processes**:

1.1.3.1. - Margination: Adherence to capillary walls.

1.1.3.2. - Diapedesis: Squeezing through endothelial gaps.

1.1.3.3. - Neutrophilia: Increase in neutrophils during infection.

1.1.4. - **Lifespan**: 6-7 hours in blood, 1-4 days in tissues.

1.2. - **Eosinophils**

1.2.1. - Combat parasites and moderate allergic responses.

1.2.2. - **Functions**:

1.2.2.1. - Release Major Basic Protein (MBP) and Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP), which are toxic to parasites.

1.2.2.2. - Respond to allergic reactions through chemotactic factors.

1.2.3. - **Mechanism**:

1.2.3.1. - Attach to parasite surfaces and release toxic enzymes.

1.2.4. - **Association**:

1.2.4.1. - Increase in parasitic infections (eosinophilia) and allergies.

1.3. - **Basophils**

1.3.1. - Trigger allergic reactions and inflammation.

1.3.2. - **Functions**:

1.3.2.1. - Release histamine to increase capillary permeability.

1.3.2.2. - Secrete heparin to prevent blood clotting.

1.3.2.3. - Bind to IgE to trigger degranulation.

1.3.3. - **Role**: Involved in early allergic responses.

2. - **Lymphocytes**

2.1. - **T-Cells**

2.1.1. - **Helper T-Cells (CD4+)**

2.1.1.1. - Direct immune responses.

2.1.1.2. - Secrete cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6.

2.1.1.3. - **Types**:

2.1.1.3.1. - TH1: Focus on cellular immunity (e.g., killing infected cells).

2.1.1.3.2. - TH2: Assist B-cells in producing antibodies.

2.1.2. - **Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+)**

2.1.2.1. - **Mechanisms**:

2.1.2.1.1. - Perforin: Punches holes in target cell membranes.

2.1.2.1.2. - Granzymes: Induce apoptosis.

2.1.3. - **Regulatory T-Cells**

2.1.3.1. - Prevent immune system overactivation.

2.1.4. - **Memory T-Cells**

2.1.4.1. - Quickly respond to previously encountered antigens.

2.2. - **B-Cells**

2.2.1. - Produce antibodies for humoral immunity.

2.2.2. - **Functions**:

2.2.2.1. - Attack infected or abnormal cells.

2.2.2.2. - Differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies.

2.2.2.3. - Create memory cells for faster future responses.

2.2.3. - **Antibodies**:

2.2.3.1. - IgG: Most abundant; crosses placenta for neonatal immunity.

2.2.3.2. - IgA: Found in mucosal areas like saliva and tears.

2.2.3.3. - IgM: First antibody to respond; triggers complement activation.

2.2.3.4. - IgE: Involved in allergic reactions.

2.2.3.5. - IgD: Aids in B-cell activation.

2.3. - **Natural Killer (NK) Cells**

2.3.1. - Target virus-infected and cancerous cells without prior activation.

2.3.2. - Release perforin and granzymes to destroy targets.

3. - **Agranulocytes**

3.1. - **Monocytes**

3.1.1. - Transform into macrophages in tissues.

3.1.2. - **Functions**:

3.1.2.1. - Phagocytose debris, pathogens, and old cells.

3.1.2.2. - Present antigens to T-cells for immune activation.

3.1.3. - **Specialized Forms**:

3.1.3.1. - Kupffer Cells (Liver).

3.1.3.2. - Alveolar Macrophages (Lungs).

3.1.3.3. - Microglia (Brain).

3.2. - **Macrophages**

3.2.1. - **Functions**:

3.2.1.1. - Clean up after infections and injuries.

3.2.1.2. - Secrete cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α to recruit immune cells.

3.2.1.3. - Present antigens to T-cells.

4. - **Phagocytosis**

4.1. - **Steps**:

4.1.1. 1. Recognition: Invaders are marked with C3b (complement) or antibodies (IgG/IgM).

4.1.2. 2. Engulfment: Pathogens are engulfed into a phagosome.

4.1.3. 3. Destruction:

4.1.3.1. - Hydrolytic enzymes.

4.1.3.2. - Reactive Oxygen Species (e.g., H2O2).

4.1.3.3. - Myeloperoxidase (MPO): Produces hypochlorous acid to kill microbes.

5. - **Inflammation**

5.1. - **Phases**:

5.1.1. - **Initiation**:

5.1.1.1. - Chemicals like histamine and prostaglandins increase blood flow.

5.1.1.2. - Capillaries become leaky to allow immune cells entry.

5.1.2. - **Amplification**:

5.1.2.1. - Cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-α recruit neutrophils and monocytes.

5.1.3. - **Resolution**:

5.1.3.1. - Macrophages clean up debris; tissue heals.

5.2. - **Signs**:

5.2.1. - Rubor (Redness).

5.2.2. - Calor (Heat).

5.2.3. - Tumor (Swelling).

5.2.4. - Dolor (Pain).

5.2.5. - Functio Laesa (Loss of Function).

6. - **Types of Immunity**

6.1. - **Innate Immunity (Always Present)**

6.1.1. - **Components**:

6.1.1.1. - Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, NK cells.

6.1.2. - **Examples**:

6.1.2.1. - Lysozymes: Break bacterial cell walls.

6.1.2.2. - Stomach acid: Destroys ingested pathogens.

6.2. - **Adaptive Immunity (Learned Response)**

6.2.1. - **Components**:

6.2.1.1. - T-cells, B-cells, and antibodies.

6.2.2. - **Features**:

6.2.2.1. - Specificity: Targets specific antigens.

6.2.2.2. - Memory: Faster response upon re-exposure.

7. - **Antibodies**

7.1. - **Functions**:

7.1.1. 1. Neutralization: Block invaders from binding to cells.

7.1.2. 2. Agglutination: Clump pathogens for easier removal.

7.1.3. 3. Complement Activation: Trigger complement proteins to destroy invaders